Neo-classical synthesis

Japanese: 新古典派総合 - しんこてんはそうごう(英語表記)neo-classical synthesis
Neo-classical synthesis

This is an attempt to somehow integrate the microscopic price theory, which was central to modern economics from the marginal revolution until the Keynesian revolution, and Keynes's macroscopic national income theory. P. A. Samuelson began to strongly advocate this idea under this name around the third edition (1955) of Economics (first published in 1948), a textbook that was extremely influential until recently. He argues that in order to achieve full employment, Keynesian fiscal and monetary policies must be used, but once full employment is achieved, the best way to improve economic welfare is to leave economic activity to the private sector, as was generally assumed in the conventional microscopic theory, and that the current mixed economy can actually function well in this way. It is more of a policy argument than a theory, and although there are differences in the degree of optimism about its possibility, it is an idea that Keynes had already briefly stated near the end of The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). This idea was extremely influential in the United States and Japan for a considerable period of time, but quickly lost its influence as stagflation spread across all advanced capitalist countries from the late 1960s to the 1970s. In addition to theoretical difficulties such as the difference in the functioning of a market under full employment achieved through fiscal and monetary policies and a market where full employment is achieved without government intervention, Samuelson abandoned the name after the 8th edition of Economics (1970), although he did not completely retract the substance of his policy-related claims. However, the issues themselves, such as the relationship between micro and macro, and the relationship between market freedom and government intervention, have yet to be resolved.

[Tadashi Hayasaka]

"P. A. Samuelson, Economics, 2 volumes, translated by Tsuru Shigeto (6th edition, 1966 / 11th edition, 1981, Iwanami Shoten)""Modern Economics, edited by Yasui Takuma and Aoyama Hideo (1968, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)""Neoclassical Synthesis, by Kaizuka Hiroaki (included in Developments in Modern Economics, edited by Kaji Motoo and Murakami Yasusuke, 1971, Keiso Shobo)""Neoclassical Synthesis, by Ara Kenjiro (included in Rethinking Modern Economics, edited by Inada Kenichi, Okamoto Tetsuji, and Hayasaka Tadashi, 1974, Yuhikaku)"

[References] | Economics | Marginal Revolution | Keynesian Revolution | Samuelson | Stagflation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

限界革命以降、ケインズ革命に至るまで近代経済学の中心をなしていた微視的(ミクロ)価格理論と、ケインズの巨視的(マクロ)国民所得理論とをなんらかの形で総合しようとする試みで、P・A・サミュエルソンが、近年まで非常な影響力をもっていた教科書『経済学』(初版1948)の第3版(1955)ごろから、この名称で強く主張し始めた考え。完全雇用達成のためにはケインズ流の財政・金融政策を用いなければならないが、いったんそれが達成されたあとには、従来の微視的理論が一般に想定していたように、経済活動を民間の自由にまかせておくのが経済的福祉の向上にとっては最善の道だし、現在の混合経済はそのような仕方で実際にうまく機能することができる、と説く。理論というより多分に政策論的主張であって、その可能性についての楽観度などには差こそあれ、『雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』(1936)の末尾近くで、簡単にながら、ケインズによってすでに述べられていた考えである。この考えは、アメリカや日本などでかなりの期間、非常な影響力を振るったが、1960年代末から1970年代にかけてスタグフレーションが全先進資本主義国を覆うに及んで、急速に影響力を失った。財政・金融政策によって達成された完全雇用下での市場と、政府の介入なしに完全雇用が達成されている市場とでは、その機能様式が異なる、などの理論面での難点に加えて、上述のような現実面の変化にも影響されてか、サミュエルソンも『経済学』の第8版(1970)以降、政策論的主張の実質内容まで全面的に撤回したわけではないが、この名称は捨てることになった。しかし、ミクロとマクロとの関係、市場の自由と政府の介入との関係などの問題それ自体は、いまもなお解決されているわけではない。

[早坂 忠]

『P・A・サムエルソン著、都留重人訳『経済学』全2冊(原書第6版・1966/原書第11版・1981・岩波書店)』『安井琢磨・青山秀夫編『現代経済学』(1968・日本経済新聞社)』『貝塚啓明著「新古典派総合」(嘉治元郎・村上泰亮編『現代経済学の展開』所収・1971・勁草書房)』『荒憲治郎著「新古典派総合」(稲田献一・岡本哲治・早坂忠編『近代経済学再考』所収・1974・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 経済学 | 限界革命 | ケインズ革命 | サミュエルソン | スタグフレーション

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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