Sangha (English spelling)

Japanese: サンガ（英語表記）saṃgha

A Sanskrit word meaning "group," "group," or "union." In political history, it is used to refer to the tribal republics of ancient India. A tribal republic is a state without an absolute king, in which administrative power is entrusted to a chief or representative elected by a tribal assembly. It is also called gana, which also means group, and is translated into English as republic. The states of the Licchavi and Shakya tribes at the time of the establishment of Buddhism are representative of this type of state.

Sanga

?-1291
A Chinese financier in the early Yuan Dynasty. A native of the Western Regions. Also spelled Sengge. He was conversant in many languages, and as a lama, he became a disciple of the National Master Dampa and was appointed as the translator of Western history. He was highly trusted by Kublai Khan, who promoted him from General Secretary to the Chief Secretary, where he demonstrated his financial skills by strengthening the taxation system, reforming the paper currency system, and strengthening the shipping system. His financial policies played an important role in establishing the political system of the Yuan Dynasty, which unified North and South China. However, he promoted many Western Regions people to become private parties and monopolized politics, and in 1291 (the 28th year of the Yuan Dynasty), he was impeached as a traitor, overthrown, and executed.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

〈集団〉〈群〉〈組合〉などを意味するサンスクリット語。政治史の上では古代インドの部族共和制国家の呼称として用いられる。部族共和制国家とは，専制王をもたず，部族集会で選出された首長や代表者に行政権がゆだねられる国家をいう。同じく集団を意味するガナgaṇaの名でも呼ばれ，英語ではリパブリックrepublicと訳される。仏教成立時代のリッチャビ族や釈迦(シャーキヤ)族の国家は，この種の国家を代表するものである。

サンガ【Sanga】

？‐1291
中国，元初の財政家。西域人。センゲSenggeとも表記される。諸国の言語に通じ，ラマ僧として贍巴（ダムパ）国師の弟子となり，西蕃訳史に任ぜられた。世祖フビライの信頼厚く，総制院使から尚書省の長官となって，徴税体制の強化，紙幣制度の改革，海運体制の強化など財政的手腕をふるった。彼の財政政策は，南北中国を統一した元朝の政治体制を確立するうえで重要な位置を占めた。しかし西域人を多く抜擢して私党をつくり政治を独占したため，1291年(至元28)姦臣として弾劾されて失脚し，処刑された。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

<<: Sanga - San

>>: Hymn - Sanka