Sanuki Province - Sanuki no Kuni

The old name of Kagawa prefecture. It belongs to the Nankaido. It faces Awa to the south, Iyo to the west, and Sanbi (Bizen, Bitchu, and Bingo) across the Seto Inland Sea to the north. The name of the province appears in the ancient Kojiki. The Imbe clan, who developed the area, offered spears as tribute, so it was called Saotsuki no Kuni, which is said to have been shortened to Sanuki. According to the Engishiki, there were 11 districts: Ochi, Samukawa, Miki, Yamada, Kagawa, Ano, Utari, Naka, Tado, Mino, and Karita (Toyoda). The provincial capital was in what is now Fuchu-cho, Sakaide City, and the provincial temple was in what is now Kokubunji-cho Kokubun, Takamatsu City. Remains of the jori system remain in various places, and place names such as Sanjo, Shijo, Gojo, Ichinotsubo, and Rokunotsubo can often be seen. Due to the lack of rainfall and frequent droughts, reservoirs were built in various places. The most famous is Mannoike Pond, which is said to have been built by Michimori no Ason during the Taiho era (701-704) and later renovated by Kukai in 821 (Kōnin 12). The main manors were Nohara Manor, Hime Manor, and Nagao Manor in the imperial estates, Komatsu Manor (Senninmon'in's estate), Takuma Manor (Kujo family estate), and Kurikuma Manor (Konoe family estate) in the regent family estates, and Kanzaki Manor, Fujiwara Manor (Kōfuku-ji's estate), Tomita Manor in the temple and shrine estates. These include Tomita Manor, Tado Manor (Anrakujuin territory), Mano Manor, Kanakura Manor (Onjoji territory), Ninomiya Manor (Ninnaji territory), Yoshiwara Manor, Yoshida Manor (Zentsuji territory), Mure Manor, and Motoyama Manor (Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine territory).

In the Kamakura period, Tachibana Kiminari was appointed shugo, and the position passed to the Goto, Kondo, and Miura clans, after which a clan of the Hojo clan became shugo. During the Nanboku-cho period, the control of the Hosokawa clan expanded, and the area continued as their territory until the Sengoku period. Utazu in Uta District was the shugosho, and the Yasutomi and Kagawa clans became deputy shugo. Many people in this area have been involved in water transportation since ancient times, and the Shiwaku navy in the Middle Ages was particularly active, based in the Shiwaku Islands off the coast of Marugame. Many Sanuki warriors took part in the Onin War (1467-1477), but at the same time, the Hosokawa clan's control over the territory weakened, and local warriors competed for power. Eventually, the Miyoshi clan, who had power in Awa, invaded and put an end to the rule of the Hosokawa clan, but in 1584 (Tensho 12), the area was conquered by an invasion by Chosokabe Motochika of Tosa. With Toyotomi Hideyoshi's conquest of Shikoku, Sengoku Hidehisa entered the area, and it eventually came under the rule of Bito Tomonori. In 1587, Koma Chikamasa entered the area and was given a fief of 170,000 koku. The following year, he built Takamatsu Castle and made it his residence. During the reign of the fourth lord, Takatoshi, the Ikoma Disturbance, a power struggle between old and new retainers within the domain, occurred, and he was transferred to Dewa Province. In 1642 (Kan'ei 19), Matsudaira Yorishige was given 120,000 koku in eastern Sanuki, and in 1641 (Kan'ei 18), the Yamazaki clan was given 53,000 koku in western Sanuki and established the Marugame Domain. After the Yamazaki clan, the Kyogoku clan was given 60,000 koku, and in 1694 (Genroku 7), Tadotsu was divided into 10,000 koku, and the province was divided into three domains until the end of the Edo period. With the abolition of the domains and establishment of prefectures, in February 1871 (Meiji 4), Tadotsu Domain was annexed to Kurashiki Prefecture, and in April, Marugame Domain, and in October, Takamatsu Domain, became Marugame Prefecture and Takamatsu Prefecture, respectively. In November of the same year, Takamatsu and Marugame prefectures were merged into Kagawa Prefecture. In 1873, they were merged into Meito Prefecture, but in 1875, Kagawa Prefecture was established again. The following year, it was merged into Ehime Prefecture, and in 1888 it separated to become Kagawa Prefecture, which remains to this day.

Sanuki's industries include the production of cushions and sandalwood paper from an early period, and salt production increased rapidly during the Edo period. Under the direction of the Takamatsu Domain, Kume Eizaemon (Michikata), who was the domain's surveyor, became the magistrate of construction and promoted the development of salt fields. Sugar was also a crop encouraged by the domain, and together with cotton, these three products were known as the "Sanuki Three Whites." Furthermore, the prefecture is famous for its round fans, which began to be made in the Marugame Domain, and for its stone materials from Shodoshima. The prefecture is also the birthplace of Kukai, and the 88 Shikoku Pilgrimage Temples can be found throughout the prefecture, with Kotohira Shrine, a shrine for maritime worship, affectionately known as "Konpira-san."

[Shigeru Hashizume]

"Newly Revised History of Kagawa Prefecture (1953, Kagawa Prefecture)" ▽ "Kagawa Series (1971, Kagawa Prefecture / republished 1972, Meishu Publishing)" ▽ "Newly Revised Kagawa Series, 5 volumes (1979-83, Kagawa Prefecture)" ▽ "General History of Kagawa Prefecture by Fukaya Sobei (1965, Ueda Shoten)" ▽ "Prefectural History Series 37: History of Kagawa Prefecture by Ichihara Teruji and Yamamoto Dai (1971, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "History of Sanuki, compiled by the Kagawa Local History Research Group (1975, Kodansha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

香川県の旧国名。南海道に属する。南に阿波(あわ)、西に伊予(いよ)、北は瀬戸内海を隔てて三備(さんび)（備前(びぜん)・備中(びっちゅう)・備後(びんご)）に相対する。古くは『古事記』に国名がみえる。当地を開発した忌部(いんべ)氏が矛竿(ほこさお)を貢ぎ物としたことから、竿調国(さおつきのくに)といわれ、それが「さぬき」につづまったとも伝えられる。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』では、大内(おおち)、寒川(さむかわ)、三木(みき)、山田、香川、阿野(あや)、鵜足(うたり)、那珂(なか)、多度(たど)、三野(みの)、刈田(かりた)（豊田(とよた)）の11郡であった。国府は現在の坂出(さかいで)市府中町に、国分寺は現在の高松(たかまつ)市国分寺町国分にあった。条里制の遺構は各地に残り、三条、四条、五条、一ノ坪、六ノ坪などの地名が多くみられる。雨量が少なく干害が多かったため、溜池(ためいけ)が各地につくられ、大宝(たいほう)年間（701～704）国守道守朝臣(みちもりのあそん)が築造し、のち821年（弘仁12）に空海が修築したといわれる満濃池(まんのういけ)は著名である。おもな荘園(しょうえん)としては、皇室領の野原(のはら)荘・姫江(ひめえ)荘・長尾(ながお)荘、摂関家領の子松(こまつ)荘（宣仁門院(せんにんもんいん)領）・詫間(たくま)荘（九条(くじょう)家領）・栗隈(くりくま)荘（近衛(このえ)家領）、寺社領に神崎(かんざき)荘・藤原荘（興福寺(こうふくじ)領）・富田(とみた)荘・多度荘（安楽寿院(あんらくじゅいん)領）・真野(まの)荘・金倉(かなくら)荘（園城寺(おんじょうじ)領）・二宮(にのみや)荘（仁和寺(にんなじ)領）・吉原荘・良田(よしだ)荘（善通寺(ぜんつうじ)領）・牟礼(むれ)荘・本山(もとやま)荘（石清水八幡宮(いわしみずはちまんぐう)領）などがあげられる。

　鎌倉時代になると守護に橘公業(たちばなのきみなり)が任ぜられ、後藤・近藤・三浦氏と変遷し、その後、北条氏一門が守護になる。南北朝時代に細川氏の支配が伸び、その領国として戦国期まで続く。鵜足郡宇多津(うたづ)を守護所とし、安富(やすとみ)・香川氏が守護代となった。当地では古くから水運に携わる者が多かったが、とくに中世の塩飽(しあく)水軍は、丸亀沖の塩飽諸島を拠点に活発な動きを示した。応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～1477）には多くの讃岐武士が出陣したが、その一方で細川氏の領国支配力は弱まり、在地武士が割拠し勢力を競った。やがて阿波で勢力をもっていた三好氏が侵入し、細川氏の支配に終止符を打つが、1584年（天正12）土佐の長宗我部元親(ちょうそがべもとちか)の侵攻によって征服される。豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の四国制圧により仙石秀久(せんごくひでひさ)が入国し、やがて尾藤知宣(びとうとものり)に支配され、1587年生駒親正(いこまちかまさ)が入国して17万石を領し、翌年高松城を築城し居城とする。4代高俊(たかとし)のときに藩内での新旧家臣の権力争いである生駒騒動が起こり、出羽(でわ)国に転封となる。1642年（寛永19）松平頼重(まつだいらよりしげ)が東讃12万石を領し、1641年（寛永18）西讃は山崎氏が5万3000石を領し丸亀藩を興す。山崎氏の後に京極(きょうごく)氏が6万石で封ぜられ、1694年（元禄7）多度津1万石が分封され、当国は3藩となり幕末に至る。廃藩置県により1871年（明治4）2月、多度津藩は倉敷県に併合され、4月に丸亀(まるがめ)藩、10月に高松藩がそれぞれ丸亀県、高松県となる。同年11月、高松・丸亀2県は香川県に統合される。1873年名東(みょうどう)県に合併されたが、1875年ふたたび香川県を置く。翌年愛媛県に合併され、1888年に分かれて香川県となり現在に至る。

　讃岐の産業は、円座(えんざ)、檀紙(だんし)の生産が早くから行われており、塩の生産は江戸時代に入って急増、高松藩の指揮下に藩の測量方であった久米栄左衛門(くめえいざえもん)（通賢(みちかた)）が普請奉行(ふしんぶぎょう)となり、塩田開発が進められた。砂糖も藩の奨励作物で、綿とあわせてこの3品は「讃岐三白(さんぱく)」といわれた。さらに丸亀藩でつくられ始めた団扇(うちわ)や、小豆島(しょうどしま)産の石材も名高い。また当国は空海の生誕地でもあり、四国八十八か所の札所が各地にみられ、海上信仰の金刀比羅宮(ことひらぐう)も「こんぴらさん」として親しまれている。

［橋詰　茂］

『『新修香川県史』（1953・香川県）』▽『『香川叢書』（1971・香川県／再刊・1972・名著出版）』▽『『新編香川叢書』全5巻（1979～83・香川県）』▽『福家惣兵衛著『香川県通史』（1965・上田書店）』▽『市原輝士・山本大著『県史シリーズ37　香川県の歴史』（1971・山川出版社）』▽『香川地方史研究会編『讃岐の歴史』（1975・講談社）』

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