Iokayama - Seikozan

Japanese: 井岡山 - せいこうざん

It is a county-level city in the Ji'an prefecture-level city category, located at the western edge of Jiangxi Province, China, on the border with Hunan Province. It has a population of 141,037 (2010). It is known as a revolutionary holy land. The city's name comes from Jinggang Mountain, a mountain range that spans two counties in Jiangxi Province, Yongxin and Suichuan, and Yanling County in eastern Hunan Province, and is located in the northern part of the Manyang Mountain massif in the Luoxiao Mountain Range, which runs north and south along the provincial border. At an altitude of 1,500 to 1,700 meters, it is surrounded by steep high mountains on the outside, and the interior is divided into many basins, with abundant agricultural, forestry, and mineral resources. The city is home to basins such as Oi, Xiao, Shangjing, Nakajing, and Shijing, centered around the Shihei Basin.

[Editor, Michihiro Kono, February 16, 2017]

history

After the failure of the Autumn Harvest Uprising ordered by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party during the Second Civil Revolutionary War, Mao Zedong reorganized his troops in Sanwan and in October 1927 led his troops to the natural fortress of Jinggang Mountain, where he established the first rural revolutionary base in the history of the Chinese revolution. After that, he expanded the influence of the party while conducting guerrilla operations in the surrounding areas, distributing land to impoverished peasants and consolidating his base. In April of the following year, 1928, troops led by Zhu De and Chen Yi, who had been fighting in Jiangxi and Hunan since the Nanchang Uprising, arrived and formed the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army, establishing a rural revolutionary base that included the vast surrounding areas and repelling several encirclement attacks by the Nationalist government forces. However, in January 1929, in order to avoid an all-out enemy attack and economic blockade, the main forces shifted their guerrilla warfare to the area from southeastern Jiangxi Province to western Fujian Province, established a new base in Ruijin, and founded the Chinese Soviet Republic.

During his time at Jinggangshan, Mao published a paper that theorized a revolutionary movement based on the rural revolutionary base area, and set the course of the revolution thereafter. After the founding of New China, a monument and a revolution museum were built there.

[Michihiro Kono, February 16, 2017]

[Reference items] | Jian | Red Army | Mao Zedong

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、江西(こうせい)省の西端、湖南(こなん)省との省境にあり、吉安(きつあん)地級市に属する県級市。人口14万1037（2010）。革命聖地として知られる。市名の由来する井岡山は江西省の永新(えいしん)、遂川(すいせん)の2県と湖南省東部の炎陵(えんりょう)県にわたる山地で、省境を南北に走る羅霄(らしょう)山脈のうち万洋山山塊の北部にあたる。標高1500～1700メートル、外側を峻険(しゅんけん)な高山に取り囲まれ、内部は多くの盆地に分かれ、農・林・鉱産資源が豊富である。茨坪(しへい)盆地を中心に、大井、小井、上井、中井、下井などの盆地が存在する。

［河野通博・編集部　2017年2月16日］

歴史

第二次国内革命戦争中の中国共産党中央の指示による秋収(しゅうしゅう)暴動が挫折したのち、三湾で部隊を再編した毛沢東(もうたくとう)は、1927年10月部隊を率いて井岡山の天険にこもり、ここに中国革命史上最初の農村革命根拠地を建設した。以後、周辺地区に対する遊撃作戦を行いながら、党の影響を拡大し、貧窮にあえぐ農民に土地を分配し根拠地を固めた。翌1928年4月には、南昌(なんしょう)暴動以来江西、湖南を転戦してきた朱徳(しゅとく)、陳毅(ちんき)の率いる部隊が到着し、中国労農紅軍第四軍を編成、さらに広大な周辺地区を含めた農村革命根拠地をつくり、国民政府軍の包囲攻撃を数次にわたって跳ね返した。しかし1929年1月、敵の総攻撃と経済封鎖を避けるため主力部隊は江西省南東から福建(ふっけん)省西部にかけての地域へ遊撃戦の場を移し、瑞金(ずいきん)に新根拠地をつくって中華ソビエト共和国を建設した。

　井岡山で活動する間に毛沢東は、農村革命根拠地に依拠したかたちの革命運動を理論化する論文を発表し、その後の革命路線の方向づけを行った。新中国建設後、記念碑、革命博物館が建設されている。

［河野通博　2017年2月16日］

[参照項目] | 吉安 | 紅軍 | 毛沢東

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