Financial Law - Zaiseiho

Japanese: 財政法 - ざいせいほう
Financial Law - Zaiseiho

In a broad sense, it is used as a general term for the financial provisions set out in Chapter 7 of the Constitution (principle of fiscal parliamentarianism, principle of taxation by law, etc.) and the financial laws that embody them. It includes all kinds of tax laws (Income Tax Law, Corporation Tax Law, Consumption Tax Law, National Tax General Law, National Tax Collection Law, etc.), Finance Law, Accounting Law, National Property Law, Property Management Law, Board of Audit Law, etc. Note that finance here refers to the function of securing, managing, and using financial resources necessary for the administrative activities of the state. This function includes financial power functions such as the levy and collection of taxes, and financial management functions such as allocating tax revenues and managing public assets.

In the narrow sense, it refers to the law known as the "Finance Law" (Law No. 34 of 1947). The Finance Law is the law that stipulates the basics of the national budget and other finances. Although it is called the basics of finance, the Finance Law is merely a basic law regarding financial management functions, since the function of financial power is determined completely by other various tax laws and regulations. Furthermore, with regard to the management of assets within the scope of financial management functions, the Finance Law only stipulates a few basic principles, and the details are determined by the National Property Law, the Property Management Law, and the Law Concerning the Management of National Credit, etc. The financial management of local governments is governed by the Local Finance Law.

Under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji Constitution), there was no Finance Law, and the Accounting Law stipulated not only the provisions regarding income and expenditure procedures, but also the budget and settlement system. After World War II, reflecting on the excessive issuance of deficit bonds, the Finance Law was enacted as a basic law to materialize the financial provisions of the Constitution. The basic principles of financial processing and the budget and settlement system were regulated by the Finance Law, while the technical provisions regarding income and expenditure procedures were determined to be determined by the Accounting Law.

The Financial Law consists of five chapters and 47 articles, and its contents can be broadly divided into three sections: basic principles regarding finances, the budget system, and the settlement system.

There are various basic principles regarding finances, including those related to the basics of budget management and accounting procedures such as the principle of an independent fiscal year (Article 12), the principle of a single budget (Article 13), and the principle of total budgeting (Article 14). Principles for fiscal management, with regard to government bonds, include the principle of construction bonds (Article 4) and the principle of absorption in the market (Article 5). Other stipulations include the principle of statutory penalties, etc. (Article 3), the authority to dispose of assets other than cash (Articles 8 and 9), and reporting of the financial situation to the public and the Diet (Article 46). With regard to the budget system, there are provisions regarding the types, contents, creation, execution, carryover, etc. of budgets. With regard to the settlement system, there are provisions regarding the creation of settlements and the handling of surpluses, etc.

[Osamu Tanaka]

[Reference items] | Accounting Law | Settlement of accounts | Finance | Tax Law | Local Finance Law | Budget

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には、憲法7章に定める財政諸条項(財政議会主義の原則、租税法律主義の原則など)、およびそれを具体化した財政諸法規の総称として用いられる。各種の租税法(所得税法、法人税法、消費税法、国税通則法、国税徴収法など)、財政法、会計法、国有財産法、物品管理法、会計検査院法などがすべて含まれる。なお、ここでいう財政とは、国家の行政活動に必要な財源を確保し、これを管理、使用する作用をいう。この作用には、租税の賦課徴収のような財政権力作用と、税収を配分し、公の財産を管理する財政管理作用とが含まれる。

 狭義には、「財政法」という名の法律(昭和22年法律第34号)を意味する。財政法は、国の予算、その他の財政の基本に関して定めた法律である。財政の基本といっても、財政権力作用については、別に各種の租税法規などが完結的に定めるため、財政法は財政管理作用に関する基本法にとどまる。また、財政管理作用のうち、財産の管理作用については、財政法は若干の基本原則を定めるにとどまり、その詳細は、国有財産法、物品管理法、国の債権の管理等に関する法律などの定めるところとなっている。地方公共団体の財政運営については、地方財政法の定めるところによる。

 大日本帝国憲法(明治憲法)下では財政法は存在せず、会計法のなかにおいて、収入・支出の手続に関する規定だけではなく、予算・決算制度などに関する規定も定められていた。第二次世界大戦後、赤字公債の濫発などへの反省をもとに、憲法の財政条項を具体化するための基本法として財政法が新たに制定されるに至った。財政処理の基本原則や、予算・決算制度については財政法の規律するところとなり、他方、収入・支出の手続などに関する技術的な規定は会計法において定めることとされたのである。

 財政法は5章47条からなり、その内容は、大別して、財政に関する基本原則、予算制度、および決算制度の三つに区別することができる。

 財政に関する基本原則には種々のものがあり、予算管理や会計処理の基本にかかわるものとして、会計年度独立の原則(12条)、予算単一の原則(13条)、総計予算主義の原則(14条)などが定められている。財政運営上の原則として、国債に関して、建設公債の原則(4条)、市中消化の原則(5条)などがある。これ以外にも、課徴金等の法定主義(3条)、現金以外の財産の処分の権限(8条、9条)、財政状況の国民および国会への報告(46条)などの定めがある。予算制度については、予算の種類、内容、作成、執行、繰越しなどに関する規定がある。決算制度については、決算の作成、剰余金の処理などに関する規定がある。

[田中 治]

[参照項目] | 会計法 | 決算 | 財政 | 租税法 | 地方財政法 | 予算

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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