Garbage (English spelling) waste; garbage

Japanese: ごみ(英語表記)waste; garbage
Garbage (English spelling) waste; garbage
Generally, it refers to unnecessary items generated in daily life. The definition of garbage varies greatly depending on social conventions. In the past, garbage was considered to be worthless, but today, things that are still usable are discarded, and discarded items are reused as resources. Garbage is considered to be anything that people have given up the intention to own, regardless of its value. The problem of garbage disposal began with civilization. In ancient times, people dumped garbage in designated places to maintain hygiene in residential areas. These are preserved as shell mounds. During the Edo period, as the population of Edo rapidly increased, garbage dumped in moats and rivers became an obstacle to water traffic, so each town began to collect garbage and transport it by boat to Eitaiura (today's Koto Ward, Tokyo). After that, garbage collection and transportation companies were required to obtain a license, and private garbage disposal continued until the early Meiji period. When infectious diseases spread during the Meiji period, efforts to improve sanitation were strengthened, and the Sewage Cleaning Law was enacted in 1900. In 1954, the Cleaning Law was enacted, and the responsibility for garbage disposal was placed on municipalities, leading to the installation of incinerators and the strengthening of collection and disposal systems. During the period of rapid economic growth, the development of waste disposal facilities could not keep up with the rapid increase in waste, and industrial waste and pollution became problems. In 1970, the Waste Disposal and Cleaning Law (Waste Disposal Law) was enacted along with the amendment of the Basic Law for Pollution Control. In this law, the word waste is used instead of filth. From around 1980, global environmental issues became an issue, and efforts to reduce waste and recycle were strengthened. Today, various recycling-related laws have been enacted, such as the Law on Promotion of Separate Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging (Container and Packaging Recycling Law) and the Law for Recycling of Specified Household Appliances (Home Appliance Recycling Law).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
一般には生活に伴って発生する不要物をいう。ごみの定義は社会通念の違いで大きく変化する。かつてごみは無価値なものと認識されていたが,今日ではまだ使えるものが廃棄されたり,廃棄されたものが資源として再利用されるようになっており,その価値にかかわらず所有する意志を放棄したものがごみであると考えられている。ごみ処理の問題は文明とともに始まり,古代の人々は住居地の衛生を守るため,ごみを定まった場所に捨てていた。それが貝塚として残されている。江戸時代には,江戸の人口急増に伴い堀や川などに捨てられたごみが水上交通の妨げになったため,町ごとにごみを集めて船で永代浦(今日の東京都江東区)に運ぶようになった。その後,ごみを収集運搬する業者を許可制とし,民営によるごみ処理が明治初期まで続いた。明治期に伝染病が流行すると衛生行政への取り組みが強化され,1900年汚物掃除法が制定された。1954年には清掃法が制定され,ごみ処理の責任が市町村に課せられるようになり,焼却炉の設置や収集処理体制が強化された。高度経済成長期に入るとごみの急増に処理施設の整備が追いつかず,産業廃棄物や公害が問題となり,1970年公害対策基本法の改正などとともに「廃棄物の処理及び清掃に関する法律」(廃棄物処理法)が制定された。この法律では汚物に代わって廃棄物ということばが使われている。1980年頃から地球環境問題が課題となり,ごみの減量やリサイクルへの取り組みが強化された。今日では「容器包装に係る分別収集及び再商品化の促進等に関する法律」(容器包装リサイクル法)や特定家庭用機器再商品化法(家電リサイクル法)など,さまざまなリサイクルに関連する法律が制定されている。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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