Aromatic polyamides have been in the limelight as a new polyamide since the late 1960s. Although they are the same polyamide, their properties are very different from nylon, so they are given the general name aramid to distinguish them from nylon. Aromatic polyamides, which have benzene rings in their skeleton structure, have higher melting points and elastic modulus than aliphatic polyamides (the most representative synthetic fiber is nylon), and have good high-temperature properties, so they are used as heat-resistant fibers, tire cords, and other industrial materials. For example, Nomex is a heat-resistant fiber made of aromatic polyamides developed by DuPont. The resulting polyamide is dissolved in dimethylformamide containing 5% lithium chloride and then dry-spun. It has high resistance to oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis, and high-energy radiation, and its heat resistance retains about 50% of its strength even when held at 300°C for an hour. It is often used for heat-resistant insulating paper. DuPont has also begun to sell an aromatic polyamide called Kevlar, which has a higher crystallinity. It is made by dehydrochlorination polycondensation of paraphenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride. Its strength and elastic modulus are much higher than those of nylon 6,6. It is being used for heat-resistant fibers, fibers for FRP (fiber reinforced plastics), tire cords, etc. The development of aromatic polyamide fibers is fierce, and each company is announcing higher performance products, expanding the market size. [Hiroshi Kakiuchi] "Fujishige Noboru, 'Mysterious Engineering Plastics -- From Fibers to Gears' (1985, Yomiuri Shimbun)" ▽ "Kuno Toshio et al., 'High-Strength, High-Modulus Fibers' (1988, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Fukumoto Osamu, ed., 'Polyamide Resin Handbook' (1988, Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun)" ▽ "High-Performance Aromatic Polymer Materials' (1990, Maruzen)" ▽ Akihama Shigeyuki, 'Fiber-Reinforced Concrete -- Focusing on New Fiber Materials' (1992, Kajima Institute Publishing)" ▽ Murahashi Hisahiro et al., eds., 'Repair and Reinforcement with Continuous Fibers -- Carbon Fiber and Aramid Edition' (2000, Riko Tosho)" [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
芳香族ポリアミドのことで、1960年代後半以降、新しいポリアミドとして脚光を浴びている。同じポリアミドだがナイロンと性質が大きく異なるため、ナイロンと区別してアラミドという一般名が与えられている。骨格の構造中にベンゼン環をもった芳香族ポリアミドは脂肪族ポリアミド(代表的合成繊維はナイロン)よりも融点、弾性率が高く高温特性が良好であるために、耐熱性繊維、タイヤコード、その他産業用資材として用いられている。たとえばノーメックスNomexはデュポン社で開発された芳香族ポリアミドの耐熱性繊維である。紡糸は、生成したポリアミドを塩化リチウムを5%含有したジメチルホルムアミドなどに溶解して乾式紡糸をする。酸化剤、酸、アルカリ、高エネルギー放射線に対する抵抗性が大きく、耐熱性は300℃で1時間保持しても約50%の強度を残留している。耐熱絶縁紙に利用されることが多い。さらにデュポン社は、より結晶性の高いケブラーKevlarという芳香族ポリアミドを市販し始めた。パラフェニレンジアミンとテレフタロイルクロライドの脱塩酸ポリ縮合でつくられたものである。その強度と弾性率はナイロン6,6に比べてきわめて大きな値を示す。耐熱性繊維またはFRP(繊維強化プラスチック)用繊維、タイヤコードなどに用いられつつある。芳香族ポリアミド繊維の開発競争は激しく、各社からより高性能のものが発表されており、その市場規模を拡大している。 [垣内 弘] 『藤重昇永著『不思議なエンジニアリング・プラスチック――繊維から歯車まで』(1985・読売新聞社)』▽『功刀利夫ほか著『高強度・高弾性率繊維』(1988・共立出版)』▽『福本修編『ポリアミド樹脂ハンドブック』(1988・日刊工業新聞社)』▽『高分子学会編『高性能芳香族系高分子材料』(1990・丸善)』▽『秋浜繁幸著『繊維補強コンクリート――新素材繊維を中心として』(1992・鹿島出版会)』▽『村橋久弘ほか編著『連続繊維による補修・補強――炭素繊維・アラミド編』(2000・理工図書)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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