Kovalevskii, Osip Mikhailovich; Jósef Kowalewski

Japanese: コワレフスキー（英語表記）Kovalevskii， Osip Mikhailovich; Jósef Kowalewski

Born: January 9, 1801, Walkowisk
Died October 20, 1878. Warsaw. A Polish-Russian Mongolian scholar. Graduated from Wilnius University in 1820. Specialized in classical languages and literature. Studied Oriental languages at Kazan University in 1825. Lived in Mongolia and China from 1827 to 1831, researching Mongolian language, literature, and folklore. Professor at Kazan University from 1833 to 1860, and at Warsaw University from 1862. His main works include Kratkaya grammatika mongol'skogo knizhnogo yazyka (1835), Selected Mongolian Texts (1836-1837), and Mongol'sko-russko-frantsuzskii slovar' (3 volumes, 44-49, Demidov Prize of the Academy of Sciences). He also has many unpublished manuscripts.

Kovalewski
Kovalevskii, Maksim Maksimovich

Born: September 8, 1851 in Kharkov
Died April 5, 1916. Petrograd, Russia. Historian. Born to an aristocratic family, he studied in Germany, France, and England after graduating from Kharkov University. In 1877 he became a professor at Moscow University, where he taught legal history. Because of his liberal views, he was expelled from the university in 1887 and moved to France, where he lectured at universities around the country. He returned to Russia during the 1905 revolution, became a professor at St. Petersburg University, and in 1906 became a member of the First Duma. He is known for his many books, including Sovremennyi obychai i drevnii zakon (Modern Legal Customs and Ancient Law) (2 volumes, 1886) and Proiskhozhdenie sovremennoi demokratii (The Origins of Modern Democracy) (4 volumes, 1995-1997).

Kovalewski
Kovalevskii, Aleksandr Onufrievich

Born: November 19, 1840. Shuschanka
Died November 22, 1901. St. Petersburg. Russian zoologist. Earned his doctorate from St. Petersburg University in 1867. He served as professor at St. Petersburg University (1867, 1891-1893), Kazan University (1868-1869), Kiev University (1869-1874), and Odessa University (1874-1990). During that time, he traveled to the Red Sea and Mediterranean coasts to study marine animals. In 1865, he was the first to point out that there is a common pattern of development in all multicellular animals. He also discovered the notochord while studying the development of sea squirts, clarifying the position of protochordates in phylogenetic development, and made other important contributions to comparative morphology and embryology. In 1890, he was elected a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1801.1.9. ウォルコウィスク
[没]1878.10.20. ワルシャワ
ポーランド系ロシアの蒙古学者。 1820年ウィルニウス大学を卒業。古典語，古典文学専攻。 25年カザン大学で東洋語学を学ぶ。 27～31年蒙古や中国に住み，蒙古人の言語，文学，民俗を研究。 33～60年カザン大学，62年からワルシャワ大学教授。主著『蒙古文語文法小典』 Kratkaya grammatika mongol'skogo knizhnogo yazyka (1835) ，『蒙古文選』 Mongol'skaya khrestomatiya (36～37) ，『蒙古＝ロシア＝フランス語辞典』 Mongol'sko-russko-frantsuzskii slovar' (3巻，44～49，学士院デミドフ賞) 。その他，未刊の原稿も多い。

コワレフスキー
Kovalevskii， Maksim Maksimovich

[生]1851.9.8. ハリコフ
[没]1916.4.5. ペトログラード
ロシアの歴史家。貴族出身でハリコフ大学卒業後ドイツ，フランス，イギリスに留学。 1877年モスクワ大学の教授となり法制史などを担当。自由主義的であったため，87年大学を追われてフランスに移り，各地の大学で講議した。 1905年の革命の際に帰国して，ペテルブルグ大学教授となり，06年には第1国会の議員となった。著書は『近代法慣習と古代法』 Sovremennyi obychai i drevnii zakon (2巻，1886) ，『近代民主主義の起源』 Proiskhozhdenie sovremennoi demokratii (4巻，95～97) など多数。

コワレフスキー
Kovalevskii， Aleksandr Onufrievich

[生]1840.11.19. シュスチャンカ
[没]1901.11.22. ペテルブルグ
ロシアの動物学者。 1867年，ペテルブルグ大学で学位取得。同大学 (1867，91～93) のほか，カザン (68～69) ，キエフ (69～74) ，オデッサ (74～90) 各大学の教授を歴任。その間，海産動物研究のため，紅海，地中海沿岸におもむく。 65年に，すべての多細胞動物に共通な発生のパターンが存在することを初めて指摘した。また，ホヤの発生を研究して脊索を発見し，系統発生において原索動物の占める位置を明らかにするなど，比較形態学，発生学で重要な業績を上げた。 90年ロシア科学アカデミー会員に選出された。

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