A medieval autonomous city in France. Cities that were established as a result of the commune movement that developed in the northern and eastern parts of France from the end of the 11th century to the 12th century are called commune cities. They are a different type from the prévô cities that spread to the central, western, and southwestern parts of France, and the consulat cities of southern France. The word "commune" originally meant a peaceful association of citizens who pledged mutual assistance to each other. The main factor behind the commune movement was the economic rise of urban citizens following the "revival of commerce" in the 11th and 12th centuries. To establish a commune, a document (chart) granting the commune by the king or feudal lord was necessary. The citizens sought to be liberated from the ruling powers and demanded the abolition of market taxes and tolls, as well as the so-called right to regulate the distribution of goods and the feudal lord's monopoly. However, as the chronicler Guibert de Nogent (c. 1053-1124) said, "Commune! A new name! A horrible name!", there was strong resistance from the rulers, and in many cases the movement was resolved in a rather violent manner (Laon, Vézelay, Beauvais, etc.). However, in the 13th century, the nature of the communes changed. With the beginning of centralization by the king, the solidarity of citizens based on oaths was lost, and the communes achieved practical independence as so-called autonomous cities. Cities compiled their own laws, built their own bell towers, had their own military forces, exercised judicial power, minted their own coins, and had their own seals for issuing official documents. Examples of communes include Abbeville, Auxel, Amiens, Saint-Quentin, Noyon, Soissons, Laon, and Arras. These cities were governed by mayors supervised by city councils that were born from the general assembly of citizens, and had administrative officials called échebans. However, since citizenship was denied not only to nobles and clergy but also to serfs and the poor, it could not be said that the city government was democratic, and in reality they formed a civil oligarchy. The commune movement continued to increase until the 13th century, but declined after the 14th century. The causes of this were the awakening of class consciousness among the plebs who did not have citizenship rights, and the expansion of royal power. With the establishment of absolute monarchy, the jurisdiction of the cities was forced to be reduced and it only retained the function of urban police power, and the commune system was abolished by the revolution of 1789. Incidentally, Paris was not a commune city, but a pre-vost city under the direct control of the monarchy, but historically the "Paris Commune" refers to the revolutionary power established in Paris from the events of August 10, 1792 (suspension of monarchy) until 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794) during the French Revolution, and the revolutionary government that was also established in Paris from March 18, 1871 to the end of May. The commune is also the smallest administrative unit in French local affairs, and is a subdivision of the canton. [Yoshio Shigaki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランス中世の自治都市。11世紀末から12世紀にかけてフランスの北部、東部に展開されたコミューン運動によってできた都市をコミューン都市といい、中部、西部、南西部に広まったプレボprévô都市、南フランスのコンシュラconsulat都市とはタイプを異にする。 コミューンとは、もともと市民相互間の扶助を誓い合った平和誓約社団を意味する。コミューン運動の主たる要因は、11~12世紀の「商業の復活」に伴う都市市民層の経済的興隆にあった。コミューンの成立には、国王あるいは領主によるコミューン授与の文書(シャルト)が必要であった。市民は支配権力からの解放を目ざして、市場税や通行税の廃止などいわゆる商品流通規制権や領主独占権の撤廃を主張したが、年代記作者ギベール・ド・ノジャンGuibert de Nogent(1053―1124ころ)が「コミューン! 新しい名前だ! 忌まわしい名前だ!」といったように、支配者の側からの抵抗が強く、運動がかなり暴力的な仕方で解決されたケースも少なくはなかった(ラン、ベズレー、ボーベなど)。しかし13世紀に入ると、コミューンの性格は変質を遂げた。国王による集権化の開始とともに、従来のような誓約に基づく市民の連帯性は失われ、コミューンはいわゆる自治都市として現実的な独立を達成した。都市自ら法を編纂(へんさん)し、鐘楼(しょうろう)をつくり、独自の軍隊をもち、裁判権を行使し、貨幣を鋳造し、公文書発行のための印璽(いんじ)を有していた。アブビル、オーセル、アミアン、サン・カンタン、ノアイヨン、ソアソン、ラン、アラスなどのコミューンがその例である。これらの都市は、市民総会から生まれた都市参事会が監督する市長によって市政が行われ、エシュバンとよばれる行政官を備えていたが、貴族や聖職者ばかりでなく、農奴、貧困者にも市民権を拒否したため、民主的な市政とはいえず、現実には市民寡頭政治を形成していた。コミューン運動は13世紀まで増加の一途をたどるが、14世紀以降衰退した。その原因は、内部においては市民権をもたない細民の階級的意識の覚醒(かくせい)によって、外部においては王権の伸張によってである。絶対王制の成立とともに、都市の裁判権は管轄の縮小を余儀なくされて都市警察権の機能をとどめるにすぎなくなり、1789年の革命によってコミューン体制は消滅した。 なお、パリは、コミューン都市ではなく、王権の直接支配下にあるプレボ都市であったが、史上「パリ・コミューン」とよぶのは、一つはフランス革命期の1792年8月10日の事件(王権停止)からテルミドール9日(1794年7月27日)までパリに成立した革命権力をいい、他者は、1871年3月18日から5月末まで同じくパリに樹立された革命政権をいう。また、コミューンは、フランス地方行政上の最小管轄単位で、カントンの下部単位をなす。 [志垣嘉夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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