The idea that a person's personality and other mental characteristics can be inferred from the shape of the skull. The idea that the brain is the organ of the mind has been around for a long time, but Austrian anatomist Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) believed that human mental characteristics could be divided into independent functions that were located in different parts of the brain. He said (1796) that the degree of development of each part of the cerebrum indicates the degree of activity of that mental function, and that the shape of the skull surrounding the cerebrum allows one to know the state of development of the parts of the brain below, and therefore to infer mental characteristics. Johann Casper Spurzheim (1776-1832) of Germany named this method phrenology. The two men worked together on their research, and published a four-volume book on the physiology and anatomy of the nervous system , Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux en general et du cerveau en particulier (1810-20), in which they divided mental functions into 35 and showed that they were located in various parts of the cerebral surface. However, the Austrian government banned the dissemination of their work, so the two men gave lectures in France, England, and other countries. Phrenology gained the support of experts, associations were formed in each country, and specialized magazines were published, including the " Phrenological Journal " in Britain, which continued to be published until 1847. However, because phrenology lacked truly scientific evidence, the movement disappeared after a period of prosperity of about 30 years. However, Gall's ideas are said to have been the forerunner of the later theory of localization of cerebral functions. [Muneshige Otani] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
頭骨の形状から、その人の性格その他の心的特性を推定できるという考え。脳は心の器官であるという考えは古くからあったが、オーストリアの解剖学者フランツ・ジョセフ・ガルFranz Joseph Gall(1758―1828)は、人間の心的特性はそれぞれ独立した機能に分けることができ、それらは脳の各部位に定位していると考えた。大脳のそれぞれの部位の発達の程度がそこの心的機能の働きの程度を示しており、大脳を包む頭骨の形状によってその下の脳の部位の発達状況を知ることができ、したがって心的特性を推定できるとした(1796)。ドイツのシュプルツハイムJohann Casper Spurzheim(1776―1832)はこれを骨相学と名づけた。両人は協力して研究を進め、神経系の生理と解剖に関する本『Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux en général et du cerveau en particulier』全4巻(1810~20)を著し、そのなかで心的機能を35に分け、それらが大脳表面の各部位に定位されることを示した。しかし、オーストリア政府によりその普及が禁止されたため、両人はフランスやイギリスなどを講演して回った。 骨相学は有識者の支持を得、各国に協会がつくられ専門の雑誌も発行され、イギリスでは『Phrenological Journal』が発行され1847年まで続いた。しかし、骨相学は真に科学的な根拠を欠くため、30年ほどの隆盛の時期を経たのちにその運動は消滅した。ただ、ガルの考えは、その後の大脳機能局在説の先駆をなすものといわれている。 [大谷宗司] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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