Kuomintang-Communist cooperation

Japanese: 国共合作 - こっきょうがっさく

This refers to two periods of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. The first (1924-27) was a united front against the northern warlords and the imperialist powers behind them, and the second (1937-45) was a united front against Japanese imperialism. The former played a decisive role in the National Revolution (Northern Expedition) and the latter in the War of Resistance against Japan.

[Yutaka Nozawa]

First

The first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation took the form of individual Chinese Communist Party members joining the Kuomintang. With the assistance of Comintern, which placed importance on the national movements in Asia, Sun Yat-sen began reorganizing the Kuomintang in 1922, re-establishing a revolutionary government in Guangdong and trying to transform it into a revolutionary party with a mass base. The newly established Chinese Communist Party also decided to form an alliance with a national revolutionary party under the guidance of Comintern. At the First National Congress of the Kuomintang in January 1924, three major policies were adopted: allied with the Soviet Union, pro-communism, and assistance to workers and peasants, and the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation was launched. In the autumn of the same year, Sun Yat-sen proposed holding a national conference and headed north, which led to a dramatic development in the workers' and peasants' movement. The national revolution progressed, and in the course of the Northern Expedition, a revolutionary government was established in Wuhan in 1927. During this time, conflicts within the revolutionary forces intensified, and Chiang Kai-shek allied with the right wing of the Kuomintang, turned to counter-revolution with the backing of the imperialist powers and the Zhejiang financial conglomerates, broke with the left wing of the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party, established the Nanjing government, and aimed to dominate the whole country, which led to them being called the new warlords. After the collapse of the Wuhan government, the Chinese Communist Party liquidated right-wing opportunism, promoted the land revolution, and established the Jiangxi Soviet to oppose the Nanjing government. This marked the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, which lasted for 10 years.

[Yutaka Nozawa]

Second

The second Kuomintang-Communist cooperation took the form of a policy agreement between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party on an equal footing. After escaping the Kuomintang army's encirclement of the Jiangxi Soviet and moving on to the Long March, the Chinese Communist Party, in its August 1st Declaration of 1935, proposed an anti-Japanese national united front against Japan's growing aggression against China after the Manchurian Incident. After the December 9th Movement in the same year and the Xi'an Incident the following year, calls for an end to the civil war and united resistance to Japan grew louder, and the Kuomintang was forced to change its policy, but with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation took shape. The Shaanbei Soviet became the border government, and the Red Army was renamed the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army and headed for the front line. The Kuomintang established the Chongqing government in the hinterlands and began to prepare to encircle the border, but the Chinese Communist Party launched a guerilla war and expanded its anti-Japanese base behind the Japanese army. In 1945, with the Pacific War coming to an end, the Kuomintang and Communist parties remained in this position on the front lines, plunging once again into a civil war in which life and death were at stake.

After the civil war was settled, the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, and the Kuomintang established a government in Taiwan which remains in power to this day. However, there are gradually growing calls from Beijing for a third round of Kuomintang-Communist cooperation.

[Yutaka Nozawa]

[References] | Chiang Kai-shek | Mao Zedong

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国国民党と中国共産党が結んだ二度の協力関係をいう。第一次（1924～27）は北方軍閥と、その背後にいる帝国主義列強に対して、第二次（1937～45）は日本帝国主義に対して統一戦線が組まれたもので、前者は国民革命（北伐）において、後者は抗日戦争において決定的役割を果たした。

［野澤　豊］

第一次

第一次国共合作は、中国共産党員の国民党への個別加入の形をとった。アジアの民族運動を重視したコミンテルンの援助を得て、孫文(そんぶん／スンウェン)は1922年から国民党の改組に着手し、広東(カントン)に革命政権を再建するとともに、これを大衆的基盤にたつ革命政党へ脱皮させようとした。成立してまもない中国共産党も、コミンテルンの指導の下に、民族革命政党との提携を決めた。24年1月の国民党一全大会で、連ソ・容共・工農扶助の三大政策が採用され、国共合作が発足した。同年秋、孫文は国民会議の開催を提唱して北上し、それに伴って労農運動は飛躍的な発展を遂げた。国民革命は進展し、北伐の過程で27年武漢に革命政権が樹立された。その間、革命勢力の内部で対立が強まり、蒋介石(しょうかいせき／チヤンチエシー)は国民党右派と結び、帝国主義列強、浙江(せっこう)財閥を背景に反革命に転じ、国民党左派や中国共産党と手を切って南京(ナンキン)政府をたて、全国制覇を目ざしたことから、新軍閥とよばれるに至った。武漢政府の崩壊後、中国共産党は右翼日和見(ひよりみ)主義を清算し、土地革命を進め、江西ソビエトを成立させて、南京政府に対抗した。そこから、10年にわたる国共内戦の勃発(ぼっぱつ)となった。

［野澤　豊］

第二次

第二次国共合作は、国共両党の対等な立場での政策協定という形をとった。国民党軍の江西ソビエトに対する包囲を脱して長征に移った中国共産党は、1935年の八・一宣言で、満州事変後に強まった日本の中国侵略に対して、抗日民族統一戦線を提唱した。同年の一二・九運動や、翌年の西安(せいあん)事件を経て、内戦停止、一致抗日の声は強まり、国民党も政策転換を余儀なくされたが、日本の先制攻撃で37年7月、日中戦争開始とともに、国共合作が具体化した。陝北(せんほく)ソビエトは辺区政府となり、紅軍は八路軍、新四軍と改称されて前線に向かった。国民党は奥地に重慶(じゅうけい)政府をたて、辺区包囲の態勢をとるようになったが、中国共産党はゲリラ戦を展開して、日本軍の背後に抗日根拠地を拡大していった。45年、このような戦線配置のまま、国共両党は太平洋戦争の終結を迎え、その生死を賭(か)けた再度の内戦に突入することになった。

　内戦が決着して、1949年に中華人民共和国が成立し、国民党は台湾に政権を樹立して今日に至っているが、しだいに北京(ペキン)側からの第三次国共合作の呼びかけが強まっているのが現状である。

［野澤　豊］

[参照項目] | 蒋介石 | 毛沢東

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