Great Lakes

Japanese: 五大湖 - ごだいこ(英語表記)Great Lakes
Great Lakes

Five large freshwater lakes in the eastern part of North America, near the border with Canada and the United States, with a total area of ​​245,300 square kilometers. From west to east, they are Lake Superior (area 82,360 square kilometers), Lake Michigan (58,020 square kilometers), Lake Huron (59,570 square kilometers), Lake Erie (25,670 square kilometers), and Lake Ontario (19,680 square kilometers).

[Otake Kazuhiko]

Nature

Topographically, it is a large basin with these lakes at its center, and constitutes the upper reaches of the St. Lawrence River system. Geologically, it is the border area between the Canadian Shield to the north and the inland plain to the south, and is made up of Paleozoic cuestas (a landform consisting of alternating gentle slopes, steep slopes, and cliffs). The Great Lakes were formed by the expansion of cuestas by glacial erosion, and their current shape is strongly influenced by this erosion. On the southern shore in particular, tongue-shaped landforms formed by moraine, which was the temporary end of the continental ice, can be seen in various places. This moraine landform is particularly well developed around Lake Michigan. In the Great Lakes region, the Paleozoic strata gradually slope southward, and four or more rows of cuestas with cuesta cliffs facing north can be seen. The northernmost cuesta is found on the north side of Lake Ontario, near the border with the Canadian Shield, and near the southern shore of Lake Superior. The Niagara cueta, which runs south of the Niagara cueta, is the most prominent and longest, stretching from the southern shore of Lake Ontario to the southwestern shore of Georgian Bay (northeastern part of Lake Huron) to the eastern shore of Green Bay (northwestern part of Lake Michigan). Between this cueta and the northern one are the waters of Lake Ontario, Georgian Bay, and Green Bay. The third cueta is found near the northern shore of Lake Erie and slightly inland on the northwestern shore of Lake Huron. The southernmost cueta is found near the southern shore of Lake Erie, and Lake Erie is formed by the lowlands to the north of Lake Erie. The world-famous Niagara Falls are located where the Niagara River, which connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, crosses the cliffs of the Niagara cueta.

The climate in the Great Lakes region is quite harsh in winter, with the average January temperature being -10 to -13°C near Lake Superior at the northwestern end, and -3 to -5°C near Lake Erie at the southern end. The average annual snowfall is 150 to 200 centimeters near Lake Superior and about 100 centimeters near Lake Erie.

[Otake Kazuhiko]

Transportation and Industry

The St. Lawrence Seaway, which runs from Lake Superior or Lake Michigan to the Atlantic Ocean via the other three lakes and the St. Lawrence River, is a large waterway that reaches almost half the distance across North America (about 3,800 km in total). There is a difference in water level of about 180 meters between Montreal in the middle of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Superior, but a joint project between Canada and the United States, which took five years from 1954, completed the new St. Lawrence Seaway with a total of 16 locks: 7 on the St. Lawrence River, 8 on the Welland Ship Canal between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and 1 between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. This made it possible for ships with a length of 223 meters, a draft of 7.9 meters (7.6 meters before 1974), and a weight of 27,000 tons (8,000 to 9,000 tons for ocean-going ships) to navigate the Seaway. As a result, water transportation has become extremely convenient, even though it is located inside the continent, and the amount of cargo carried has increased to about 53 million tons (1971), about five times the previous amount. This waterway has become a major artery for the transportation of grain, lumber, minerals, and other products from the prairie and northern regions of the United States and Canada, and large industrial regions have developed based on this waterway, centered on major commercial and industrial cities such as Chicago and Detroit in the United States and Toronto in Canada.

Between the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie, sandwiched between the Mesabi and other Superior iron mountains and the coalfields of Appalachia, Ohio, and Indiana, many heavy industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo were established, focusing on steel and machinery, taking advantage of the water transport on the Great Lakes. The area from Montreal to Toronto and Hamilton on the shores of Lake Ontario is also Canada's largest industrial region, where machinery, steel, and other industries are carried out using cheap electricity. The southern Ontario region and the southern shores of the Great Lakes, sandwiched between Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, are also major dairy farming regions. The coastal areas, especially the shores of Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, have developed remarkably as recreational areas, and vacation homes and suburban residential areas can be seen throughout the area. On the northern shore of Lake Erie on the Canadian side is Point Pelee National Park, on the eastern side of Lake Huron is Georgian Bay National Park, and on the northern shore of Lake Superior on the American side is Isle Royale National Park, while on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan is the world's largest lakeside sand dune, based on a moraine chain.Recent development of industry, recreation, water transport, and other activities in coastal areas has led to the worsening of water pollution in the western end of Lake Superior, southern Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, making water quality conservation a problem.

[Otake Kazuhiko]

Formation of the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are located on the southern border between the Canadian Shield and the Paleozoic region to the south. The Paleozoic region became a plain with a cuesta topography due to erosion over a long period of time, and was covered by glaciers that advanced from the north during the Quaternary glacial period. The low parts of the plain were further eroded by repeated glacial advance and retreat, and the Great Lakes were formed when water accumulated in the depressions after the glacial retreat. 1) The glaciers, which reached an area about 300 km south of Lake Michigan during the peak of the Wisconsin glacial period, began to retreat about 14,000 years ago, and early Lake Chicago and Lake Maumee appeared. 2) The glaciers retreated further during the interglacial period, and the lakes expanded in their wake, and the area around present-day Lake Erie was no longer under the influence of the glacier. 3) The glaciers advanced again during the interglacial period, and Lake Whittlesay and other lakes were formed in front of them, and their water flowed out to the southwest through Lake Saginaw and Lake Chicago. ③After further glacial retreat and advance, the climate became warmer, the glaciers retreated for the last time, and the lakes became closer to the present Great Lakes. The sea entered the coast of the St. Lawrence River .

Formation of the Great Lakes


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

北アメリカ大陸東部の、カナダとアメリカ合衆国との国境付近にある五つの大きな淡水湖。総面積24万5300平方キロメートル。西から東へスペリオル湖(面積8万2360平方キロメートル)、ミシガン湖(5万8020平方キロメートル)、ヒューロン湖(5万9570平方キロメートル)、エリー湖(2万5670平方キロメートル)、オンタリオ湖(1万9680平方キロメートル)の順で並ぶ。

[大竹一彦]

自然

地形的にはこれらの湖を中心にした一つの大きな盆地地域であり、セント・ローレンス川水系の上流部を構成する。地学的には、北側のカナダ楯状地(たてじょうち)とその南に広がる内陸平野との境界地域にあたり、古生層のケスタ(緩傾斜面と急斜面、崖(がけ)が交互に現れる地形)からなる。五大湖は氷食によって拡大されたケスタの低地に水がたたえられたもので、現在の形はこの氷食作用の影響を強く受けている。とくに南岸には、大陸氷の一時的な末端であった端堆石(たんたいせき)による舌状をした地形が各所にみられる。この端堆石の地形は、とくにミシガン湖周辺でよく発達している。五大湖地域では古生層はしだいに南に傾き、北にケスタ崖(がい)を向けた4列以上のケスタが認められる。いちばん北側のケスタはオンタリオ湖の北側、カナダ楯状地との境付近、スペリオル湖の南岸付近にみられる。その南を走るナイアガラ・ケスタは地形的にもっとも顕著で、延長も長く、オンタリオ湖の南岸、ジョージア湾(ヒューロン湖の北東部)の南西岸、グリーン湾(ミシガン湖の北西部)の東岸に連なる。このナイアガラ・ケスタと北側のケスタとの間に水をたたえたのがオンタリオ湖、ジョージア湾、グリーン湾である。第三のケスタはエリー湖の北岸付近、ヒューロン湖の北西岸のやや陸地寄りにみられる。また、南端のケスタはエリー湖の南岸付近にみられ、エリー湖はその北側の低地部に水がたたえられたものである。エリー湖とオンタリオ湖とをつなぐナイアガラ川がナイアガラ・ケスタの急崖を横切る所に、世界的に有名なナイアガラ滝がある。

 五大湖沿岸地域の気候は、冬はかなり厳しく、1月の平均気温は、北西端のスペリオル湖付近で零下10~零下13℃、南端のエリー湖付近では零下3~零下5℃程度である。年平均降雪量は、スペリオル湖付近で150~200センチメートル、エリー湖付近で100センチメートル程度みられる。

[大竹一彦]

交通と産業

スペリオル湖あるいはミシガン湖から他の3湖とセント・ローレンス川を経て大西洋に出るセント・ローレンス水路は、北アメリカを横断する距離のほとんど半分(全長約3800キロメートル)に達する大きな水路である。セント・ローレンス川中流のモントリオールとスペリオル湖とでは約180メートルの水位差があるが、1954年より5年をかけて行われたカナダとアメリカ合衆国との共同事業により、セント・ローレンス川に7、オンタリオ湖とエリー湖間のウェランド・シップ運河に8、ヒューロン湖とスペリオル湖間に1、計16の閘門(こうもん)をもつ新しいセント・ローレンス水路が完成。これにより、長さ223メートル、喫水7.9メートル(1974年以前は7.6メートル)、2万7000トン(外航船では8000~9000トン)の船が航行できるようになった。このため、大陸の内部にありながら水上交通が非常に便利となり、貨物量は約5300万トン(1971)とそれまでの約5倍に達している。この水路は、アメリカ合衆国とカナダのプレーリー地域・北部地域からの穀物、木材、鉱産物などの輸送の大動脈となってきたし、この水路を基盤に、アメリカ合衆国のシカゴ、デトロイト、カナダのトロントなどの大商工業都市を中心とする大工業地域が発達した。

 ミシガン湖南西岸からエリー湖南岸にかけては、メサビをはじめとするスペリオル鉄山とアパラチア、オハイオ、インディアナの炭田に挟まれ、五大湖の水運を生かして製鉄、機械を中心とするシカゴ、デトロイト、クリーブランド、バッファローなど多くの重工業都市が成立した。モントリオールからオンタリオ湖岸のトロント、ハミルトン付近もカナダ最大の工業地域で、機械、製鉄などの工業が安い電力を利用して行われている。ヒューロン湖とエリー湖、オンタリオ湖に挟まれるオンタリオ南部地域および五大湖南岸地域は、大酪農地域でもある。沿岸一帯、とくにミシガン湖、エリー湖、オンタリオ湖岸はレクリエーション地域としての発達が目覚ましく、別荘地や郊外住宅地が各地にみられる。カナダ側のエリー湖北岸には、ポイント・ピーリー国立公園、ヒューロン湖東部にジョージア湾国立公園、アメリカ側のスペリオル湖北岸にはアイル・ロイヤル国立公園があり、ミシガン湖東岸には端堆石列をもとにした世界最大の湖岸砂丘が広がる。湖水は最近の沿岸地域の工業、レクリエーション、水運などの開発により、スペリオル湖西端部、ミシガン湖南部、エリー湖、オンタリオ湖で水質汚濁が進み、水質保全が問題となっている。

[大竹一彦]

五大湖の形成
五大湖は、カナダ楯状地とその南側の古生層地域との境界部南側にある。古生層地域は長い間の侵食作用でケスタ地形を伴う平野となり、そこは第四紀の氷河時代に北方から進出した氷河に覆われた。氷河の前進と後退の繰り返しで平野の低い部分はさらに侵食され、氷河の後退後にその凹地に水がたたえられたのが五大湖である。①ウィスコンシン氷期の最盛期にミシガン湖の南方約300kmの地域にまで達した氷河も約1万4000年前には後退を始め、初期シカゴ湖やマウミー湖が姿を現した。②亜間氷期となって氷河はさらに後退し、その跡に湖が拡大、現在のエリー湖付近は氷河の影響下から抜け出した。③ふたたび亜氷期に氷河が前進してウィットレセイ湖などが前面に生じ、その水はサギノー湖とシカゴ湖を通って西南へと流出していた。③さらに氷河の後退と前進ののち、気候が温暖化して氷河は最後の後退をし、湖は現在の五大湖の形に近づいた。セント・ローレンス川沿岸には海が進入した©Shogakukan">

五大湖の形成


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