Population - Kotaigun

Japanese: 個体群 - こたいぐん
Population - Kotaigun

A group of individuals of the same species living in a certain area. Individuals in a population have close relationships with each other, such as competitive relationships over space and food, relationships between opposite sexes such as mating, relationships between same sexes over opposite sexes, and parent-child relationships. In addition, they are often treated as relatively isolated local populations with little interaction with individuals living in other areas.

An important aspect of populations is the number of individuals or population density. Population densities can range from stable to highly unstable in localized areas, but many fluctuate regularly or irregularly around a certain average density. Attributes that explain population fluctuations include birth rate, which determines the number of individuals in the next generation and indicates the population's growth potential; mortality rate, which indicates the decline in the population due to predation and other factors; immigration rate, which indicates the degree of population spread and interaction with other populations; distribution pattern, which indicates the location use and spatial arrangement of each individual; age structure, which indicates the overlap of ages and developmental stages; sex ratio; and genetic and non-genetic qualitative composition of each individual. These attributes change in a density-dependent manner depending on the population density (called the density effect or crowding effect), and also in a density-independent manner depending on various environmental factors surrounding the population, such as habitat heterogeneity and relationships with other populations living in sympatric conditions. The complex interactions between these factors and attributes determine the pattern of population density fluctuations.

A population is a specific unit of a species, but there are several stages in the structure, from a small area occupying one habitat to a large area that includes multiple habitats, and populations can be treated at any stage depending on the problem at hand. It is the theoretical basis for population problems, management of fisheries resources, protection of wild birds and animals, and pest control.

[Masahide Yuma]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある地域に生活する同種の個体の集団。個体群を構成する各個体の間には、空間や食物をめぐる競争的関係、交配などの異性間の関係、異性をめぐる同性間の関係、および親子関係などの密接な個体間関係がある。また、他地域に生活する個体との交流の少ない、ある程度隔離された地域集団として扱われることが多い。

 個体群に関する重要な側面として個体数または個体群密度の問題があげられる。個体群密度は、安定しているものから局所的で著しく不安定なものまでさまざまあるが、多くのものはある平均密度を中心にして規則的あるいは不規則的に変動する。個体群変動を説明する属性としては、次世代の個体数を規定し個体群の増加力を示す出生率、捕食などによる個体数の減少を示す死亡率、個体群の拡散や他の個体群との交流の程度を示す移出入率、各個体の場所利用や空間配置を示す分布様式、年齢や発育ステージの重なりを示す齢構成、性比、さらに各個体の遺伝的および非遺伝的な質的構成などがあげられる。これらの属性は個体群密度に応じて密度依存的に変化し(密度効果または込み合い効果という)、また生息場所の異質性や同所的に生活する他種個体群との関係などの、個体群を取り巻くさまざまな環境によって密度非依存的にも変化する。これらの要因と属性の複雑な相互作用によって個体群密度の変動パターンが規定されている。

 個体群は種の具体的な構成単位であるが、一つの生息場所を占める小地域的なものから、その複数を含む大地域的なものまでいくつかの段階構造が認められ、対象とする問題に応じて任意の段階で扱うことができる。人口問題、水産資源の管理、野生鳥獣の保護、有害生物防除などの理論的基盤となっている。

[遊磨正秀]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Great Lakes

>>:  Old Church Slavonic - Kodaikyōkaislavugo

Recommend

Sveinsson, A.

...However, in terms of visual arts, not many not...

Batch process - Kaibun process (English name)

A process in which the changes in raw materials, s...

Ime Shrine - Imejinja

... It has long been famous as a mountain of fait...

Akamatsu Sotan

Year of death: April 21, 1862 (May 19, 1862) Year ...

Video tape recorder

A tape recorder that records video signals (image...

Riverside [town] - Kawahara

A former town in the northern part of Yazu Distric...

Eastern Nilotic

The Nilotic languages ​​include the Nubian dialec...

aureole (English spelling)

…As a special example, square halos were used in ...

Inasa Beach

This sandy beach is located in the northwest of t...

Entzauberung der Welt (English spelling)

…These “magic gardens” are broken down by the com...

Picture Explanation Master - Etokihoushi

In the Middle Ages, 'e-kai' referred to t...

American Son - Native Son

A full-length novel by black American author R. W...

Uppercut

(noun) (uppercut) In boxing, a blow that is thrust...

Fissipeda

…They are broadly divided into the terrestrial Fi...

Air Cooler - Air Cooler

...there is a central tube through which steam an...