Black body - kokutai (English spelling) black body

Japanese: 黒体 - こくたい(英語表記)black body
Black body - kokutai (English spelling) black body

The surface of an object reflects some of the electromagnetic waves (also called radiation) that strike it and absorbs the rest, while also emitting electromagnetic waves of its own. If the proportion of incident electromagnetic waves of frequency ν that are absorbed is α ν , then this absorption capacity α ν is a function of ν and temperature T. An ideal object with an absorption capacity of 1 for all ν is called a black body. Objects that look completely black at room temperature are close to black bodies. The radiation that an object emits according to its temperature is called thermal radiation, and its frequency distribution differs depending on the temperature. When the amount of radiation that strikes the object from the outside and the amount of radiation that it emits are equal, the object is said to be in equilibrium with the radiation from its surroundings. If you compare objects that are in equilibrium and receive the same radiation, you will find that the black body that absorbs the most also emits the most radiation. A black car absorbs a lot of sunlight during the day, but emits more radiation than cars of other colors at night, so it is the first to cool down and form frost on it on winter nights.

If you make a small hole in a cavity surrounded by sufficiently thick walls and look at it from the outside, the hole will look black, just like soot. Any electromagnetic waves entering the hole from the outside will be absorbed inside before they leave, so from the outside it will look the same as the surface of a blackbody. If the absolute temperature of the inner wall is T , the thermal radiation from the wall fills the cavity. This is called cavity radiation at temperature T. If you make a hole in the wall that is so small that it does not disturb this, the cavity radiation will go out at the same rate. Since the hole looks the same as blackbody radiation when viewed from the outside, it is clear that blackbody radiation is the same as cavity radiation. Blackbody radiation (= cavity radiation) has been studied in detail as a standard for thermal radiation, and Planck's radiation formula was a clue to the discovery of quantum theory. The surface of the sun emits radiation close to blackbody radiation at an absolute temperature of 6000K.

[Koide Shoichiro]

[Reference items] | Cavity radiation | Thermal radiation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体の表面は、そこに当たった電磁波(放射ともいう)の一部を反射し残りを吸収するとともに、自らも電磁波を出す。振動数νの入射電磁波のうち吸収されるものの割合をανとすると、この吸収能ανはνと温度Tの関数である。すべてのνに対して吸収能が1であるような理想的物体を黒体という。常温で真っ黒に見える物は黒体に近い。物体が温度に応じて自ら出す放射を熱放射といい、その振動数分布は温度によって異なる。外から当たる放射と出す放射が等量のとき、物体と周囲の放射とは平衡状態にあるといわれる。同じ放射を受けて平衡にある物体を比較すれば、いちばん多く吸収する黒体が、出している放射もいちばん多いことがわかる。黒塗りの自動車は、昼間は日光を多く吸収するが、夜になると他の色の車よりも放射をたくさん出すので、冬の夜などいちばん先に冷えて霜がつく。

 十分厚い壁で囲まれた空洞に小さな穴をあけ、それを外から見た場合には、穴の部分は煤をつけたと同様に黒く見える。そこに外から入射した電磁波は出る前に内部で吸収されてしまうから、外から見る限り黒体表面と同じになる。内壁の絶対温度をTとすると、壁から出た熱放射が空洞内に充満している。これを温度Tの空洞放射という。それを乱すことがないほど小さい穴を壁にあければ、外へはその空洞放射がそのままの割合で出ていくことになる。穴を外から見ると黒体放射と同じであるから、黒体放射というのは空洞放射と同じであることがわかる。黒体放射(=空洞放射)は、熱放射の基準として詳しく研究され、プランクの放射公式から量子論発見の糸口となった。太陽の表面は絶対温度6000Kの黒体放射に近い放射を出している。

[小出昭一郎]

[参照項目] | 空洞放射 | 熱放射

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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