An American oil company. One of the predecessors of ExxonMobil. One of the international oil majors. Its predecessor was Standard Oil of Ohio, founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870. The company formed a trust by bringing many oil companies under its umbrella, and was reorganized and established as Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in 1882. However, due to the application of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), it became a holding company in 1899, and was again divided into 34 independent companies in 1911 for violating the antitrust law. As the largest of these, it was re-established, mainly taking over the overseas sales business. After that, while promoting overseas crude oil extraction, it expanded its business in the mainland United States, such as acquiring the oil refining company Humble Oil and Refining in 1919, and in 1927, in order to manage and consolidate its expanded business, it transferred its operating division to a newly established subsidiary, became a holding company itself, and changed its name to Standard Oil of New Jersey. During this time, the company began using the ESSO brand on its products in 1923. Its overseas operations expanded into Latin America and Asia before World War II. In Asia, it and Socony Vacuum (→Mobil) jointly established Standard Vacuum Oil (abbreviated as Stanvac), which also operated a sales business in Japan before the war. In 1962, Stanvac was dissolved and a subsidiary, Esso Eastern, was established. During this time, in 1948, the company acquired a stake in Aramco, a crude oil producer in Saudi Arabia. In 1972, it was renamed Exxon. In 1999, it merged with Mobil to become ExxonMobil. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
アメリカ合衆国の石油会社。エクソンモービルの前身の一つ。国際石油資本(メジャーズ)の一つ。前身は 1870年ジョン・D.ロックフェラーによって設立されたスタンダード・オイル・オブ・オハイオ。同社は多くの石油業者を傘下に収めてトラストを形成し,1882年スタンダード・オイル・カンパニー・オブ・ニュージャージーとして改組設立。しかしシャーマン反トラスト法(1890)の適用を受け 1899年持株会社となり,さらに 1911年には再び反トラスト法違反として 34の独立会社に分割された。そのなかの最大の会社として,おもに海外販売事業を引き継いで再発足した。その後は海外原油の採掘を進めるかたわら,1919年には石油精製会社ハンブル・オイル・アンド・リファイニングを買収するなどアメリカ本土の事業を充実させて,1927年には拡大した事業を管理統合するため現業部門を新設子会社に移し,みずからは持株会社となるとともにスタンダード・オイル・オブ・ニュージャージーと改称。この間 1923年から製品に ESSO(エッソ)のブランドを使用。海外活動は第2次世界大戦前から中南米,アジアに進出。アジアでは同社とソコニー・バキューム(→モービル)が共同出資でスタンダード・バキューム・オイル(略称スタンバック)を設立,戦前の日本でも販売事業を経営。1962年スタンバック解体とともに子会社エッソ・イースタンを設立。この間 1948年にはサウジアラビアの原油生産会社アラムコに資本参加。1972年エクソンに改称。1999年モービルと合併し,エクソンモービルとなった。
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