Loess Plateau - Kodokougen

Japanese: 黄土高原 - こうどこうげん
Loess Plateau - Kodokougen

The plateau of northern China, most of which is covered by a thick layer of loess, lies north of the Qinling Mountains and the Weihe Plain, south of the Great Wall, west of the Taihang Mountains, and east of the Wushaoling and Taohe Rivers. It includes a vast area of ​​central and eastern Gansu Province, the southeastern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the northern half of Shaanxi Province, all of Shanxi Province, and western Henan Province, covering an area of ​​about 400,000 square kilometers. Its elevation ranges from 800 to 2,000 meters, with some mountain ranges reaching 2,500 meters. Regionally, it is divided into the Longzhong Plateau, the Shaanbei Plateau, the Shanxi Plateau, and the Yuxi Mountains, each with different topographical characteristics.

The loess soil is believed to have originated in the arid region to the northwest, where it is believed to be an eolian layer of fine sand and clay blown down from the desert by strong seasonal winds. The loess soil cover averages 50 to 80 meters thick, and in places from eastern Gansu Province to northern Shaanxi Province it can reach 150 meters. The soil is porous and prone to collapse when exposed to rain, and the region is in a semi-arid climate prone to heavy downpours. In addition, the vegetation has been destroyed by many years of indiscriminate deforestation, causing severe soil erosion and resulting in the formation of unique loess soil shapes that are often written as "gen", "riang" or "bou", and the mud that is washed out is the reason for the extremely high mud content of the Yellow River. After liberation, water and soil retention works have been carried out over a vast area to prevent the loss of productivity due to soil erosion.

In addition, wind-driven Pleistocene (Pleistocene) terrestrial deposits similar to loess are widely distributed in the periglacial regions of continental glaciers in Europe and North America, and are called loess.

[Kono Michihiro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大部分が黄土層に厚く被覆されている中国北部の高原。その範囲は秦嶺(しんれい/チンリン)山脈および渭河(いが/ウェイホー)平原以北、万里の長城以南、太行(たいこう/タイハン)山脈以西、烏鞘嶺(うしょうれい)および洮河(とうが/タオホー)以東にあたり、甘粛(かんしゅく/カンスー)省の中部・東部、寧夏(ねいか/ニンシヤ)回族自治区南東部、陝西(せんせい/シャンシー)省の北半、山西(さんせい/シャンシー)省全域、河南(かなん/ホーナン)省西部の広大な地域が含まれ、面積は約40万平方キロメートルに達する。標高800~2000メートルで、2500メートルに達する山嶺もある。地域的には隴中(ろうちゅう)高原、陝北高原、山西高原、豫西(よせい)山地に区別され、それぞれ地形的特色を異にする。

 黄土の来源は北西方の乾燥地域とされ、強い季節風によって砂漠から吹き送られてきた微細な砂、粘土が堆積(たいせき)した風成層と考えられている。黄土被覆は平均50~80メートルの厚さを示しており、甘粛省東部から陝西省北部にかけては、150メートルに達する所もある。多孔質で雨にあうと崩れやすいこと、集中豪雨のおこりやすい半乾燥気候地域であることに加えて、長年にわたる乱伐で植被が破壊されているため、土壌侵食が激しく(げん)、梁(りょう)、(ぼう)などと書く特異な黄土地形を生じ、流し出された泥土は黄河の含泥率のきわめて高い原因になっている。解放後は、土壌の流失による生産力破壊を防止するため、水土保持の工事が広大な地域にわたって実施されている。

 なお、黄土と同様な風成の更新世(洪積世)の陸上堆積物は、ヨーロッパや北米の大陸氷河周辺(周氷河)地域にも広く分布しており、レスloessとよばれる。

[河野通博]

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