Hong-qiang-hui; Hung-ch`iang-hui

Japanese: 紅槍会 - こうそうかい（英語表記）Hong-qiang-hui; Hung-ch`iang-hui

A civilian armed self-defense group that was organized in rural areas of northern China in the early days of the Republic of China. It was so named because the spears they carried as weapons had red tassels. They were particularly active in the 1920s and 1930s, and many other groups also appeared, such as the Yellow Spear Society, the White Spear Society, the Black Spear Society, and the Green Spear Society. Many of these were led by feudal landlords and gentry, and had close ties to religious organizations in the countryside. Although they were extremely feudal self-defense organizations, they continued to be active, fighting against warlords and bandits and playing an active role in the War of Resistance against Japan. After World War II, with the establishment of the People's Republic of China, they removed their feudal elements and became people's self-defense organizations.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，民国初期以来，華北の農村地域で組織された民間の自衛的な武装団体。武器として所持する槍に紅色の房を付したことからこの名がある。特に 1920～30年代において活発で，ほかに黄槍会，白槍会，黒槍会，緑槍会など多くの組織もみられた。これらの多くは封建的な地主，郷紳層に指導され，農村内の宗教組織とも密接に関係していた。したがってきわめて封建的な自衛組織ではあるが，軍閥や土匪の勢力に対抗し，抗日戦争に活躍するなど活発な活動を続けた。第2次世界大戦後，中華人民共和国成立のなかにあって封建的要素を除き，人民の自衛組織と化した。

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