Synthetic dyes

Japanese: 合成染料 - ごうせいせんりょう(英語表記)synthetic dyes
Synthetic dyes

In contrast to natural dyes obtained from plants and animals, dyes that are chemically synthesized using organic synthetic chemistry techniques using aromatic compounds such as benzene as raw materials are called synthetic dyes. In the early stages of the development of synthetic dyes, the synthetic raw materials were mainly tar products and aniline derivatives, so they were called coal tar dyes (or tar dyes, tar colors) or aniline dyes, but these names are not correct in today's world, where most aromatic raw materials are obtained from petroleum. Currently, most dyes used in practice are synthetic dyes. In 1856, British artist W. H. Perkin discovered a basic red-purple dye while researching the synthesis of quinine, gave it the name Mauve, and put it into practical use and industrialization, marking the beginning of synthetic dyes (he was 18 years old at the time). Since then, dye synthesis chemistry has progressed rapidly, producing a wide variety of varieties that have replaced natural dyes. Major natural dyes such as indigo have also been replaced by synthetic products. Most synthetic dyes currently manufactured have structures that are not found in natural dyes, and many of them have excellent performance. It is noteworthy that along with this development in dye synthetic chemistry, aromatic chemistry was established and, in addition to dyes for dyeing purposes, synthetic chemistry for pharmaceuticals and pesticides also developed.

[Tobita Mitsuhiko]

[Reference items] | Dye | Natural dye | Perkin | Mauve

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動植物から得られる天然染料に対して、ベンゼンなどの芳香族化合物を原料として、有機合成化学の手法により化学合成された染料を合成染料という。合成染料の発展の初期には合成原料はおもにタール製品やアニリン誘導体であったので、コールタール染料(あるいはタール染料、タール色素)またはアニリン染料とよばれるが、芳香族原料の多くが石油から得られている今日の状況からみれば正しい呼び方ではない。現在、染料は実用的にはほとんど合成染料が主となって用いられている。1856年にイギリスのW・H・パーキンがキニンの合成研究の途中に赤紫色の塩基性染料を発見し、これにモーブMauveの名称を与えて実用・工業化したのが合成染料の始まりである(このとき彼は18歳であった)。その後染料合成化学が急速に進展し、多種類の品種を生み、天然染料に置き換わってきた。インジゴのような主要な天然染料も合成品に置き換えられた。現在製造されている合成染料は、ほとんどが天然染料にはない構造のもので、優れた性能のものも多い。こうした染料合成化学の発展に伴い、芳香族化学が確立し、染色を目的とした染料以外に、医薬、農薬の合成化学が発展してきたことは注目すべきであろう。

[飛田満彦]

[参照項目] | 染料 | 天然染料 | パーキン | モーブ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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