Imperial territory

It refers to the total of real estate and movable property that was a source of income for the private economy of the Imperial Family and the Imperial Court, and is often referred to as Kinri Goryo (imperial estate) especially after the Sengoku period. The first references in literature were Amanosadata (a field) and Nagata (field), but more specifically Agata (county), Miyake (storehouse), Mikoshiro (substitute), and Minashiro (substitute), which can be said to be the original form of Imperial territory. These were dissolved under the Taika Reform (645) under the public land and public citizen system, but the prefectures scattered throughout the country were consolidated into six prefectures (Roku Agata) in Yamato Province (Nara Prefecture). Furthermore, the Taiho System (701) saw the establishment of Kanden (official land), Sonoike (garden), Kuriya (kitchen), Himuro (ice house), Yakuen (boiled garden), Ushiboku (grassland), and Mifu (festival). However, as the Ritsuryo system relaxed, the amount of cultivated land increased, and manors were established, the Imperial family also began to reclaim vacant land in various provinces by imperial decree. These were called chokushiden. Also, under Emperor Saga, the Goin territory was established for the first time to cover the expenses of the Goin (the residence of the Emperor after abdication, determined during his reign). As manors developed, the Fujiwara clan merged manors in various provinces, and their influence surpassed that of the Imperial family. Emperor Gosanjo then established a record manor certificate office and reorganized the manors, suppressing the power of the Fujiwara clan while also expanding the Imperial family's territory. During the cloistered rule of the three retired emperors Shirakawa, Toba, and Goshirakawa, the Imperial family's territory saw a dramatic increase. Many of these took the form of shrine and temple lands, or empress domestic lands, such as the shrine lands of Shin-Hiyoshi-sha and Shin-Kumano-sha, founded by Emperor Goshirakawa, temple lands of Hossho-ji and Rokusho-ji, and Chokodo lands, and empress domestic lands of Hachijo-in, Shichijo-in, Muromachi-in, etc. Chokodo was the Jibutsu-do hall of Emperor Goshirakawa's palace Rokujo-den, and the estates amounted to 180 locations, which formed the basis of the imperial economy throughout the Middle Ages and even served as the driving force behind the system of alternating lines of succession. When the Imperial line was divided, the Imperial lands were also divided. The Jimyoin line had the Chokodo domain as its core, and inherited about 250 areas, including the Gofukakusa Imperial Domain, the Hokongoin Domain, and half of the Muromachi Domain, while the Daikakuji line inherited about 380 areas, including the Shichijoin Domain, the Hachijoin Domain, and half of the Muromachi Domain. However, during the turbulent period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Imperial lands were seized by local clans and suffered a devastating blow. This trend became more serious as time went on, and not many of them survived through the Sengoku period. This is why the Shoshiryo, Kugonin, and Sobubunsho were newly established and became important during this period. During the Oda and Toyotomi eras, there were donations of Imperial lands from both clans, and finally signs of economic stability were seen. During the Edo period, the Tokugawa clan donated land to the Imperial Family three times, totaling 30,000 koku. In 1601 (Keicho 6), Tokugawa Ieyasu donated over 10,000 koku of land, which became the main land, in 1623 (Genwa 9), Hidetada donated 10,000 koku to the Imperial Family, and in 1705 (Hoei 2), Tsunayoshi donated 10,000 koku to the Imperial Family. In addition, the Imperial Family donated separate land to the retired emperor and the empress, and the affairs of these land properties were handled by the Kyoto magistrate of the shogunate. In 1867 (Keio 3), Tokugawa Yoshinobu donated another 230,000 koku of land in Yamashiro Province, but with the restoration of the Imperial Rule, the Imperial Family's land was to be covered by national funds.

[Masanobu Hashimoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

皇室、宮廷の私的経済の収入源となる不動産および動産の総体を称し、とくに戦国期以降には禁裏御料(きんりごりょう)と称されることが多い。文献上の初見としては天狭田(あまのさなだ)、長田(ながた)があるが、具体的には県(あがた)、屯倉(みやけ)、御子代(みこしろ)、御名代(みなしろ)が皇室領の原初形態といえ、これらは大化改新（645）による公地公民制のもとに解体したが、全国に散在していた県は大和(やまと)国（奈良県）の6か所の県（六県(ろくあがた)）に集約された。さらに大宝(たいほう)の制（701）で官田、園池(そのいけ)、厨(くりや)、氷室(ひむろ)、薬園、牛牧、御封(みふ)の成立をみた。しかし律令(りつりょう)制が弛緩(しかん)し墾田増加して荘園(しょうえん)化が進むと、皇室もまた勅旨をもって諸国の空閑地などを開墾するようになる。勅旨田(ちょくしでん)がこれである。また、嵯峨(さが)天皇のとき初めて後院(ごいん)（天皇の在位中に定められた譲位後の居所）の経費にあてるための後院領の設置をみた。荘園の発達に伴い藤原氏は諸国の諸荘園を兼併し、その勢い皇室をしのぐに至る。ここに後三条(ごさんじょう)天皇は記録荘園券契所を設けて荘園の整理を行い、藤原氏の勢力を抑えるとともに、皇室領の増大を図り、白河(しらかわ)、鳥羽(とば)、後白河(ごしらかわ)の三上皇の院政時代には皇室領は画期的な増加をみた。これらには社寺領、女院領の形態をとるものが多く、神社では後白河法皇の創建にかかる新日吉(いまひえ)社、新熊野社の社領、寺院では法勝(ほっしょう)寺以下の六勝寺の所領や長講堂領、女院領では八条院、七条院、室町院らの所領がそれである。長講堂は後白河法皇の御所六条殿の持仏堂で、その所領は180か所にも及び、中世を通じて皇室経済の根本となり、両統迭立(てつりつ)の原動力とさえなった。皇統が二分されると皇室領も分割され、持明院(じみょういん)統は長講堂領を中枢とし、後深草(ごふかくさ)上皇領、法金剛院領、室町院領半分など約250か所を、大覚寺(だいかくじ)統は七条院領、八条院領、室町院領半分などの約380か所を伝領したが、南北朝の動乱期に入ると皇室領は地方豪族のために押領(おうりょう)され、壊滅的な打撃を受けた。そして時代とともにこの傾向は深刻なものとなり、戦国期を通して残存したものは多くはない。この期に諸司領、供御人(くごにん)、率分所(そつぶんしょ)などが新設され重要性を帯びたのも、これがためであった。織田・豊臣(とよとみ)時代に入って、両氏より御領の進献もあり、ようやく経済的に安定の兆しをみた。江戸期に入ると前後3回にわたり徳川氏より御領が進献され、つごう3万石を領することになる。1601年（慶長6）徳川家康より進献された1万石余の土地を本御料、23年（元和9）秀忠(ひでただ)よりの1万石を新御料、1705年（宝永2）綱吉(つなよし)よりの1万石を増(まし)御料というのである。また上皇・女院などにも別に御料が進献され、これら御料所の事務などは幕府の京都代官が扱った。1867年（慶応3）徳川慶喜(よしのぶ)は改めて山城(やましろ)一国23万石を献じたが、王政復古により皇室領は国費でまかなうことになった。

［橋本政宣］

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