The Sino-Japanese War - Kogo no umin senso

Japanese: 甲午農民戦争 - こうごのうみんせんそう
The Sino-Japanese War - Kogo no umin senso

The largest peasant uprising in Korean history occurred in 1894 (the year of the Rising Sun). This war prompted the Japanese government, which aimed to eliminate the power of the Qing Dynasty of China and control Korea, to send in large troops under the pretext of guarding the embassy and protecting Japanese residents, sparking the Sino-Japanese War.

At the time, the Korean people were suffering from heavy taxation policies aimed at patching up the Korean government's financial crisis, rampant bribery and illegal theft among bureaucrats, and rising rice prices due to Japanese rice hoarding. In addition, in the early 1890s, the people suffered from unprecedented famine caused by successive droughts. Unable to bear this, farmers rose up, demanding the prevention of rice export to Japan, the dismissal of corrupt government officials, and tax exemptions, which marked the beginning of the war. Jeon Bong-jun and Kim Gae-nam, who were executives of the Donghak religious organization, a popular religion that was rapidly expanding in influence, were chosen as leaders. For this reason, it was also called the Donghak Rebellion. In early May, the peasant army formed in Gobu County, Jeolla Province, defeated local troops stationed in Jeolla Province and government forces dispatched from the central government in various places, and occupied the provincial capital of Jeonju at the end of May. Fearing that the peasant army would enter Tokyo, the Korean government requested reinforcements from China. However, something unexpected happened. At the same time as the Qing troops arrived, Japanese troops invaded Korea in large numbers. The Korean government quickly changed its policy and entered into peace negotiations with the peasant army, reaching a ceasefire by accepting almost all of the peasant army's demands (Jeonju Peace Treaty, June 10th).

Institutions called sikkoso (government offices) were established in each county of Jeolla Province, and reforms began to be carried out by the peasants themselves. It seemed that the Peasant War had come to an end. However, the Japanese and Chinese troops that had landed in Korea refused to withdraw despite repeated requests from the Korean government. Instead, the Japanese government demanded domestic reforms in Korea, and when this was refused by the Korean government, they occupied the royal palace on July 23, 1894, and organized a pro-Japanese government.

The Qing Dynasty's criticism of Japan's actions was the opportunity that started the First Sino-Japanese War. In parallel with the First Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese government pushed ahead with a policy of colonizing Korea. To drive out the Japanese forces, Korean peasants rose up again in mid-October. Chun Bongjun and others tried to unify the uprisings in various regions using the Donghak organization. It is said that more than 200,000 peasants rose up at this time. The peasant army fought well against the Japanese army and the Korean government army, but was powerless against the overwhelming firepower of the Japanese army. The peasant army was annihilated in January of the following year, and Chun Bongjun was executed in Seoul at the end of March.

[Sadatoshi Mabuchi]

[Reference] | Sino-Japanese War

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1894年(甲午の年)に起こった朝鮮の歴史上もっとも大規模な農民蜂起(ほうき)。この戦争をきっかけとして、中国、清(しん)の勢力を排除し朝鮮を支配することをねらっていた日本政府は、公使館警護と在留邦人保護の名目で大軍を繰り出し、日清戦争を引き起こした。

 当時、朝鮮の民衆は、朝鮮政府の財政危機を取り繕うための重税政策、官僚たちの間での賄賂(わいろ)と不正収奪の横行、日本人の米の買占めによる米価騰貴などに苦しんでいた。それにまた、1890年代の初めには干魃(かんばつ)が続いて未曽有(みぞう)の飢饉(ききん)に悩まされていた。これに耐えかねた農民たちが、日本への米の流出の防止、腐敗した官吏の罷免、租税の減免を要求して立ち上がったのがこの戦争の始まりである。指導者には、急速に教勢を拡大していた民衆宗教である東学教団の幹部であった全琫準(ぜんほうじゅん)や金開南らが選ばれた。そのため東学党の乱とよばれたこともあった。5月初め、全羅道古阜(こふ)郡で結成された農民軍は、全羅道に配備されていた地方軍や中央から派遣された政府軍を各地で破り、5月末には道都全州を占領した。農民軍の入京を恐れた朝鮮政府は清国に援軍を出してほしいと要請した。ところが、ここで予期しないことが起きた。清軍の到着と同時に日本軍が大挙して朝鮮に侵入してきたのである。朝鮮政府は急遽(きゅうきょ)方針を変更して農民軍と講和交渉を行い、農民たちの要求をほぼ全面的に受け入れることで停戦した(全州和約、6月10日)。

 全羅道の各郡には執綱(しっこう)所という機関が設けられ、農民たちの手による改革が始まった。農民戦争はこれで終わったかにみえた。ところが、朝鮮に上陸した日清両軍は、朝鮮政府のたび重なる要請にもかかわらず撤退しようとしなかった。それどころか、日本政府は朝鮮の内政改革を求め、朝鮮政府にこれが拒否されるや、1894年7月23日王宮を占領し、親日政府を組織させた。

 清国がこうした日本の行動を批判したのを好機として始められたのが日清戦争である。日本政府は日清戦争と併行して朝鮮を植民地化する政策を推し進めた。この日本の勢力を追い出すため、朝鮮の農民たちは10月なかばになって再決起した。全琫準たちは東学組織を使って各地の蜂起を統一したものにしようとした。このとき立ち上がった農民は20万人を超えたといわれる。日本軍と朝鮮政府軍を相手にして農民軍はよく闘った。しかし、日本軍の圧倒的な火力の前になすすべはなかった。翌年1月農民軍は壊滅し、全琫準は3月末、ソウルで処刑された。

[馬渕貞利]

[参照項目] | 日清戦争

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