Air traffic control

Japanese: 航空交通管制 - こうくうこうつうかんせい

ATC (short for air traffic control) is a task to prevent aircraft collisions, operate air traffic regularly and efficiently, and maintain safe and effective operations. The development of aircraft and navigational aids during World War II made all-weather operations possible, and with the rapid increase in air traffic, it was widely implemented in various countries, and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a global air traffic control method. The area of responsibility for air traffic operations of each ICAO member country is called a flight information region, and air traffic control is carried out in airspace designated as a control region or control zone (controlled airspace) and airports within this flight information region. The control region is established around the airport where control is performed, and the airspace surrounding the control zone is called the approach control region. In addition, special control regions are designated for airspace with particularly high traffic volume within the control zone and control zone, and flights in this airspace are limited to instrument flight procedures. In Japan, all areas above 24,000 feet are controlled. Current air traffic control operations are classified according to the airspace classification and control method into 1. air route control, which is performed for all aircraft flying under instrument flight rules within a flight information region; 2. airport control, which instructs the order of runway and takeoff and landing at airports; 3. approach control, which specifies the order of approach and departure and instructs ascent and descent for aircraft flying under instrument flight rules mainly within an approach control region; 4. terminal radar control, which performs approach control operations using radar; and 5. landing guidance control, which continuously guides landing aircraft to the touchdown point using precision approach radar. Aircraft flying under instrument flight submit a flight plan that includes the type, symbol, departure point, route, destination, altitude, cruising speed, amount of fuel, alternate airport in case of bad weather, communication equipment, etc., and the center grants flight permission taking into consideration the traffic conditions on the air route and gives detailed instructions such as departure time, altitude, route, and method of ascent and descent. If the aircraft fly faithfully according to this plan, the necessary separation will be maintained and dangers such as collisions can be avoided. Air traffic control is also responsible for transmitting information necessary for aircraft flight, as well as providing assistance in the event that an aircraft requires rescue.
→ Related topics ATC | Control tower | Airport | Aviation | Air route | Radar control

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

ATC（air traffic controlの略）とも。航空機の衝突防止や，航空交通を規則的に能率よく運営し，安全で効果的な運航を維持するための業務。第２次大戦中の航空機，航行援助施設の発達で全天候運航が可能となり，航空交通量の急激な増加とともに各国で広く実施，国際民間航空機関（ICAO(イカオ)）が世界共通の管制方式を定めている。　ICAOの各加盟国が，航空交通業務を行う責任の範囲を飛行情報区といい，航空交通管制はこの飛行情報区の中で管制区または管制圏に指定された空域（管制空域）と飛行場において行われる。管制圏は管制が行われる飛行場の周辺に設けられ，管制圏に接続する空域の周辺は進入管制区となっている。さらに管制圏や管制区のうち交通量が特に多い空域などには特別管制区が指定され，この空域での飛行は計器飛行方式に限られる。なお日本の場合，高度２万4000フィート以上は全面管制区となっている。　現在の航空交通管制業務は，空域の区分や管制方式によって，1.飛行情報区内を飛行するすべての計器飛行方式の航空機に対して行われる航空路管制，2.空港での滑走や離着陸の順序などを指示するための飛行場管制，3.主として進入管制区内を計器飛行方式で飛行する航空機に対して，進入・出発の順序を指定したり上昇・降下の指示などを行う進入管制業務，4.進入管制業務をレーダーを用いて行うターミナルレーダー管制，5.着陸する航空機に対して精測進入レーダーを用いて継続的に接地点までの誘導を行う着陸誘導管制に分類される。　計器飛行する航空機は，その種類，記号，出発地，経路，目的地，高度，巡航速度，燃料の量，天候不良の際の代替飛行場，通信設備などを記入した飛行計画を提出，センターは航空路上の交通状況を勘案して飛行許可を与え，出発時刻，高度，経路，上昇下降の方法など，細目の指示をする。これに忠実に飛行すれば必要な間隔が維持され，衝突等の危険を避けうる。航空機などに対する飛行に必要な情報の伝達や，航空機が救難を必要とする場合の援助なども航空交通管制の業務である。
→関連項目ATC｜管制塔｜空港｜航空｜航空路｜レーダー管制

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