A graphite-moderated helium gas-cooled reactor. It is also known as HTGR, which is an acronym for High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor. In Japan, development is being carried out by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. In addition, the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), an international collaboration between Japan, the United States, and more than a dozen other countries, has selected the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) as one of its research and development themes. The coolant temperature is raised to 700-1000°C, which allows for multipurpose use of nuclear power and increases thermal efficiency. It is a safe power generation reactor. The core is made of graphite, a neutron moderator, and fuel particles coated with high-density carbon and silicon carbide, so it is resistant to thermal shock and exhibits unique safety. Although it has already been shut down, the Fort St. Vrain nuclear power plant in the United States was a high-temperature gas reactor with an electric output of 342,000 kilowatts, a core outlet temperature of 812°C, and a thermal efficiency of 38.5%. Even when the helium gas in this reactor was stopped for 15 minutes, no abnormality occurred in the core or fuel. In the case of a light water reactor, if a loss of coolant accident occurs and emergency core cooling fails, the temperature of the fuel cladding tube rises to 1650°C within two minutes, causing the cladding tube to break, but in the case of a high-temperature gas reactor, the graphite absorbs the heat, so it takes at least one hour for the temperature to reach 1650°C. The temperature that would damage the graphite core is about 2200°C, but this temperature is not reached even after 10 hours. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission has required nuclear power plants to have full-time experts on-site since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, but this regulation did not apply to the Fort St. Vrain Nuclear Power Plant. High-temperature gas-cooled reactors are highly safe and have ample safety margins. In the Republic of South Africa, a small nuclear power plant using high temperature gas reactors is under construction using German technology. In the context of the global trend towards nuclear power generation, and in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, it is unclear how high temperature gas reactors will develop in the future. [Jun Sakurai] [References] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Structure of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
黒鉛減速ヘリウムガス冷却型原子炉のこと。英文のつづりHigh-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactorの頭文字をとってHTGRともいう。日本では、日本原子力研究開発機構により開発が進められている。また、日本、アメリカなど十数か国の国際協力による「第4世代原子力システムに関する国際フォーラム(GIF=GenerationⅣ International Forum)」では、研究・開発課題の一つとして超高温ガス炉(VHTR=Very High Temperature Reactor)が選定されている。 冷却材温度を700~1000℃に上げ、原子力の多目的利用を図るとともに、熱効率を高める。安全性に優れた発電用原子炉である。炉心は、中性子減速材の黒鉛と、高密度炭素と炭化ケイ素で被覆した燃料粒子で構成されるため、熱衝撃に強く、特有の安全性を示す。すでに停止されたが、アメリカのフォートセントブレイン原発は、電気出力34.2万キロワット、炉心出口温度812℃、熱効率38.5%の高温ガス炉であった。この原子炉のヘリウムガスを15分間停止させても、炉心や燃料にはなんら異状が生じなかった。軽水炉の場合、冷却材喪失事故が起こり、緊急炉心冷却に失敗すると、燃料被覆管の温度は2分以内で1650℃に上昇し、被覆管の破損を引き起こすが、高温ガス炉の場合には、黒鉛が熱を吸収するので、少なくとも1時間経過しないと1650℃には達しない。黒鉛炉心に損傷を与える温度は約2200℃であるが、10時間経過してもこの温度には到達しない。 アメリカ原子力規制委員会は、スリー・マイル島原発事故(1979)後、原発に専門家をフルタイムで常駐させることを要求しているが、フォートセントブレイン原発にはこの規制は適用されていなかった。高温ガス炉は安全性の高い、十分に余裕のある原子炉である。 南アフリカ共和国では、ドイツの技術により、高温ガス炉を利用した小型原発が建設中である。世界の原子力発電の流れのなかで、また、福島第一原子力発電所事故の影響下で、高温ガス炉が、将来どのように発展するかは未知数である。 [桜井 淳] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 高温ガス炉の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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