A field that studies the geographical distribution of language using linguistic maps. It also refers to the field that deals with (1) where in the world various languages are spoken, and (2) how individual linguistic phenomena are distributed around the world. (3) Dialect division theory, which deals with the overall differences between dialects, has a different focus from dialect geography (4). (4) The field that considers the differences in dialects within a language for each individual phenomenon is also called "dialect geography" and is actively studied. Linguistic geography in the sense of (4) has the characteristic of estimating past language changes based on current geographical distribution patterns, and is also positioned as a field of historical linguistics. There are two clues for reconstructing the history of language. (1) When the same phenomenon (A) is distributed in distant regions with no mutual interaction, it can be assumed that phenomenon (A) was also present in intermediate regions in the past and was distributed continuously, and that it was separated later because a different expression (B) emerged ( (1)). (2) There is a general tendency that newer expressions (B) are found near cultural centers, while older expressions (A) are found on the outskirts ( (2)). Therefore, in cases where both conditions (A) and (B) are met simultaneously, such as when the same expression (A) is found at both ends of the country and another expression (B) is found near the cultural center (Kyoto) ( (3)), it is highly likely that the expression in the center (B) is the new one that has spread. This is the "dialect periphery theory." The changes estimated by linguistic geography are only relative dates. When compared with past literature, the oldest stage that can be obtained from dialect differences in Japan goes back at most a little before the Nara period.[Inoue Fumio] ©Shogakukan "> Linguistic geography (a clue to reconstructing the history of language) [… Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ことばの地理的分布を言語地図によって研究する分野。〔1〕いろいろな言語が世界のどこで話されているか、〔2〕個々の言語現象が世界にどのように分布するか、を扱う分野をもさす。〔3〕方言の総体的な違いを問題にする方言区画論は、〔4〕の方言地理学と関心の向け方が違う。〔4〕一言語内の方言による違いを個々の現象ごとに考察する分野は「方言地理学」ともよばれ、盛んに研究されている。〔4〕の意味の言語地理学は、現在の地理的分布パターンを基に、過去の言語変化を推定するという特色をもち、歴史言語学の一分野とも位置づけられる。言語史を復原する手掛りは二つある。(1)相互に交流のない離れた地域に同じ現象(A)が分布するときには、現象(A)は古くは中間地域にもあって連続した分布をなし、後世、別の言い方(B)が発生したために分断された、と考えうる( の(1))。(2)文化的中心地付近に分布するのは新しい言い方(B)で、辺境に分布するのは古い言い方(A)という一般傾向がある( の(2))。したがって、国土の両端に同じ言い方(A)があり、文化的中心地(京都)付近に別の言い方(B)があるというように、(A)(B)二つの条件に同時に合致するような場合( の(3))は、中央の言い方(B)が新しく広がった可能性が非常に大きい。これが「方言周圏論」である。言語地理学によって推定される変化は、相対年代だけである。過去の文献と突き合わせると、日本の方言差から得られる最古の段階は、せいぜい奈良時代をすこしさかのぼるくらいである。[井上史雄] ©Shogakukan"> 言語地理学(言語史を復原する手掛り)〔… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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