saddle quern

Japanese: saddle quern（英語表記）saddlequern

…The materials used were diverse, including vegetable foods such as grains and nuts, animal meat and fat, and mineral pigments such as iron oxide and cinnabar. In terms of shape, they can be broadly divided into three types: saddle-shaped dishes with no rim, flat, high front and back (saddle querns), dishes with a shallow depression in the center or with a rim, and mortar-shaped dishes with a deep depression in the center (stone mortars). However, mortar is often translated as millstones. …

From [Urusu]

…In China, the word mortar means a pounding mill, and is distinguished by the terms "friction" and "rolling." In ancient Egypt, the differentiation of stone saddle querns as pounding mills and wooden mortars (pestle and mortar) was complete, so it is thought that they had been widely used in the ancient world by that time.
[Mill]
A mortar is a container with a depression, and a pestle with a narrow center that makes it easier to hold. In addition to pounding, it was also used for kneading things, such as for pounding rice cakes, and for partial grinding (selective grinding) to remove the seed coat from the surface of grains, such as in grain polishing.

From [Agricultural Tools]

…The harvesting tool is a crescent sickle, and threshing, polishing (if it is a grain food) and milling (if it is a flour food) are often done in one go using a long wooden pestle and a constricted mortar. The milling process also involves grinding a cylindrical upper stone against a saddle-shaped lower stone to produce flour, using the saddle quern. Thus, milling in West Africa is characterized by the fact that all work is done by hand, but in the northern regions, the use of ploughs has recently been seen. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "saddle quern" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…使用の対象になった物質は，穀物や木の実などの植物質食料のほか，動物の肉や脂肪，酸化鉄や辰砂などの鉱物質顔料と多様である。形態では，縁がなく扁平で前後の高い鞍形石皿(サドル･カーンsaddle quern)，中央が浅くくぼんだり縁のある石皿，中央のくぼみが深い乳鉢形石皿(ストーン･モルタルstone mortar)との3種類に大別できる。ただし，モルタルは石臼と訳すことが多い。…

【臼】より

…中国では臼といえば，搗き臼を意味し，挽き臼は〈磨〉，転動によるものは〈碾〉と呼んで区別している。古代エジプト時代において，挽き臼としての石製サドルカーンsaddle quernと，木製の搗き臼(杵と臼)の分化が完成しているので，それまでに，古代世界に広く普及していたものと考えられる。
［搗き臼］
　搗き臼はくぼみを有する容器すなわち狭義の臼mortarと，中央がくびれて握りやすくした竪杵pestleとから成り，搗き砕く目的のほか，餅搗きのようにものをこねる目的や，穀物の精白のように穀粒表面の種皮を除去する部分的な粉砕(選択粉砕)にも用いられた。…

【農具】より

…刈取りの農具は半月鎌で，脱穀から粒食の場合には精白，また粉食の場合は製粉までも木製の長い竪杵とくびれ臼を用いて一挙に行う場合が多い。また製粉には円棒状の上石を鞍（くら）状の下石にすりつけて粉にするサドル･カーンsaddle quernも広く用いられている。このように西アフリカのミレット農耕はすべての作業が人力によってなされるのを特色とするが，北方の地域では近年犂の導入もみられるようになった。…

※「saddle quern」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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