Born: October 11, 1881 in Prague [Died] April 19, 1973. California. An Austrian public law scholar and legal philosopher who later fled to the United States. He drafted the Austrian Constitution (1920) and served as a judge on the Constitutional Court (1920-30). He was a professor at the universities of Vienna, Cologne, Geneva, and Prague until he fled to the United States in 1940 after being pursued by the Nazis. After his exile, he taught at Harvard and the University of California. He established a pure theory of law following the Neo-Kantian school, and is considered one of the greatest legal scholars of the 20th century. His pure theory is based on methodological dualism, which clearly distinguishes between being and ought, and it eliminates subjective value judgments and causal scientific methods from legal theory, analyzing law as a system of norms using formal logic. He is also noted for his many achievements in criticizing the ideology of natural law and other social thought using the results of ethnology and psychology. His major works include Main Problems in State Jurisprudence (11), General State Theory (25), Pure Jurisprudence (34), Society and Nature (43), General Theory of Law and State (45), and Principles of International Law (52). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
[生]1881.10.11. プラハ [没]1973.4.19. カリフォルニア オーストリア人で,のちアメリカに亡命した公法学者,法哲学者。オーストリア憲法を起草し (1920) ,憲法裁判所判事をつとめた (20~30) 。ナチスに追われて 1940年にアメリカに亡命するまでウィーン,ケルン,ジュネーブ,プラハ大学教授。亡命後はハーバード,カリフォルニア大学などで教鞭をとった。新カント学派の流れをくんで純粋法学を樹立し,20世紀最大の法学者の一人とされる。その純粋法学は,存在と当為を峻別する方法二元論に基づき,法理論から主観的価値判断と因果科学的方法を排除し,規範の体系として考えられた法を形式論理学的に分析したものである。なお民族学や心理学の成果を用いて,自然法論その他の社会思想のイデオロギーを批判した数々の業績も注目される。主著『国法学の主要問題』 Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre (11) ,『一般国家学』 Allgemeine Staatslehre (25) ,『純粋法学』 Reine Rechtslehre (34) ,『社会と自然』 Society and Nature (43) ,『法と国家の一般理論』 General Theory of Law and State (45) ,『国際法の諸原理』 Principles of International Law (52) など。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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