Water vapor in the air condenses onto the surface of window glass or inside a wall, causing water droplets to form. Normal air that contains water vapor is called unsaturated humid air, and when it is cooled, the air eventually becomes saturated with water vapor. This air is called saturated humid air, and the air temperature at that point is called the dew point temperature of the humid air. If it is cooled further, some of the water vapor in the air condenses into small droplets that float in the air. These droplets are called steam or mist. Similar to the process of this phenomenon, when the surface temperature of an impermeable material such as glass drops, water vapor in the air in contact with the surface condenses, and water droplets form on the surface. This is called surface condensation. When the surface temperature falls below 0°C, frost or freezing occurs. There are many tiny voids inside moisture-permeable materials such as foam concrete and tex, and these are connected to the air through the surface of the material, so water vapor diffuses into the material through moisture permeation, and if the temperature of the solid part surrounding the voids is low, the water vapor in the voids will condense on the surface of the solid part. This is called internal condensation, and is the same phenomenon as surface condensation. Generally, if the water vapor pressure of moist air is higher than the saturated water vapor pressure corresponding to the surface temperature of the material in contact with that air, condensation will occur on the surface. Condensation can cause mold and dirt to grow on the wall surface, or it can cause the wall to rot, so it must be prevented as much as possible. To do this, the temperature of the wall must be higher than the dew point temperature of the moist air in contact with the wall, or the thermal design of the wall must be such that the water vapor pressure of the moist air is lower than the saturated water vapor pressure of the wall. [Masayuki Mizuhata] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
窓ガラスなどの表面や壁体の内部に空気中の水蒸気が凝縮して水滴が付着すること。水蒸気が含まれた通常の空気を不飽和湿り空気といい、これを冷却すると空気はついには水蒸気によって飽和する。この空気を飽和湿り空気といい、そのときの空気温を湿り空気の露点温度という。これをさらに冷やすと、空気中の水蒸気の一部が凝縮して小水滴となって空気中に浮遊する。この水滴を湯気とか霧という。この現象の過程と同様に、ガラスのような不透湿性の材料表面温が下がると、表面に接する空気中の水蒸気が凝縮して、その表面に水滴が付着する。これを表面結露という。表面温が0℃以下になると結霜、または氷結する。 発泡コンクリートやテックスなどのような透湿性の材料内部にはたくさんの極小の空隙(くうげき)が存在し、それらは材料表面を通じて空気と連続しているから、水蒸気は透湿によって材料内部に拡散し、空隙を取り囲む実質部の温度が低ければ、実質部表面に空隙中の水蒸気が凝縮する。これを内部結露といい、現象的には表面結露と同じである。 一般に、湿り空気の水蒸気圧が、その空気に接する材料表面温に応じる飽和水蒸気圧よりも高ければ、その表面に結露する。結露は、壁面上のカビの発生や汚れ、または壁体を腐らせる原因ともなるので、できるだけ防止する必要がある。そのためには、壁体の温度を、壁体に接する湿り空気の露点温度よりも高くするか、湿り空気の水蒸気圧を壁体の飽和水蒸気圧よりも低くなるように壁の熱設計を行わねばならない。 [水畑雅行] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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