The influence of J.M. Keynes's work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which dramatically changed the way economics are analyzed and thought about, and the implementation of his economic policies which transformed the capitalist economy, is collectively known as the Keynesian Revolution. Regarding the essence of his transformation of economic analysis and thinking methods, there are two theories about its basis: one is that it lies in the principle of effective demand, and the other is that it lies in the liquidity preference theory. [Tetsuya Hitosugi] Principle of effective demandTraditional economics, which implicitly assumed Say's Law, believed that unemployment and depression were merely temporary phenomena, and that the economy would eventually adjust and bring about full employment. In contrast, the principle of effective demand explained the reason for the existence of unemployment, idleness, and depression, stating that the size of demand determines the size of supply (production), but that the size of demand does not always guarantee full employment. This principle was further linked to national income analysis, which allowed a considerable understanding of the capitalist economy. On the other hand, it was necessary to fill the gap in effective demand in order to achieve full employment, and policies such as stimulating investment through low interest rates and creating fiscal demand were proposed as ways to achieve this. All of this became possible with the proposal of the principle of effective demand. [Tetsuya Hitosugi] Liquidity Preference TheoryIn a mature capitalist society, there are many people who try to hold their savings in either securities or money, but when securities prices are high, it is expected that future prices will fall rather than rise, so it is common to hold savings in the form of money to avoid capital losses due to price falls. This is called liquidity preference. High securities prices mean low yields (= low interest rates). The market price of securities (for example, corporate bonds) is obtained by dividing the interest fixed for the currency amount by the market yield, so securities prices and yields are inversely proportional. In a recession, there are few investment opportunities, and surplus money forms high securities prices (= low yields). In such a situation, even if the government increases the money supply to lower the interest rate (yield) and stimulate investment, the money will simply be held due to liquidity preference and will not be used to purchase securities, and therefore the interest rate will not fall. Thus, monetary policy as a measure against recessions becomes ineffective, and fiscal demand, especially fiscal investment, is more effective as a more direct stimulus measure. This situation was particularly typical in the UK in the 1930s, so the policy recommendations of liquidity preference theory and fiscal investment were effective as a diagnosis and prescription for the UK economy. [Tetsuya Hitosugi] KeynesianismKeynes's policy proposals were successfully adopted by major countries after World War II. These countries expanded government spending to increase effective demand and reduce unemployment, and conversely, when the economy was overheating, they cooled it down by cutting government spending and raising taxes, allowing for economic growth without major economic fluctuations and achieving full employment. This approach to economic policy is called Keynesianism, and Keynesianism is also a product of the Keynesian Revolution. On the other hand, however, Keynesianism led to the expansion of fiscal scale, dependency on public bonds, and inflation. Criticism of these led to the rise of monetarism, but recently there has been a strong reevaluation of the Keynesian revolution, with the idea that its essence lay in the instability of the capitalist economy, centered on liquidity preference. [Tetsuya Hitosugi] "The Keynesian Revolution" by L.R. Klein, translated by Shinohara Sandahei and Miyazawa Kenichi (1947, Yuhikaku) " "Keynesian Economics and Keynesian Economics" by A. Leijonhufvud, supervised translation by Negishi Takashi (1978, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
J・M・ケインズがその著作『雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money(1936)によって、経済学の分析・思考方法を大きく変化させ、かつその経済政策の実施によって資本主義経済を変革させた影響を、一括してケインズ革命とよぶ。 彼による経済学の分析・思考方法の変革の核心については、それを有効需要の原理に求める説と流動性選好説にとるものとがある。 [一杉哲也] 有効需要の原理従来の経済学では、セーの法則を暗黙に前提していたため、失業や恐慌は一時的現象にすぎず、やがて経済の自律性が働いてそれらを調整して完全雇用状態をもたらすと考えていた。これに対して有効需要の原理は、需要の大きさが供給(生産)の大きさを決めるものであり、その需要の大きさがつねに完全雇用を保証するものではないとして、失業・遊休・不況の存在理由が説明されるに至った。この原理はさらに国民所得分析と結び付き、これによって資本主義経済をかなりの程度まで把握できるようになった。また一方において、完全雇用を達成するためには有効需要の不足分を埋めることが必要であり、そのための政策として、低金利政策による投資の刺激や、財政需要の創出などが提案された。こうしたことが有効需要の原理の提起によって可能となったのである。 [一杉哲也] 流動性選好説成熟した資本主義社会では、貯蓄を有価証券か貨幣のどちらかで保有しようとする人々が多数存在するが、高い証券価格のもとでは、将来の値上がりよりも値下がりのほうが予想されるから、値下がりによる資本損失を避けて貨幣の形でもつほうが一般的である。これを流動性選好という。ところで高証券価格とは低利回り(=低利子率)を意味する。けだし証券(たとえば社債)の相場は、その貨幣額で確定した利子を世間相場の利回りで割ることで得られるから、証券価格と利回りとは反比例する。さて不況下では投資の機会は少なく、余った貨幣は高証券価格(=低利回り)を形成している。そこでは、政府が貨幣供給を増加して利子率(利回り)をより低くし投資を刺激しようとしても、貨幣はいたずらに流動性選好によって保有されるだけで、証券購入に向かわず、したがって利子率は下がらない。かくて不況対策としての金融政策は無効となってしまうから、より直接的な刺激策として財政需要とくに財政投資のほうが有効である。このような状態はとくに1930年代のイギリスに典型的にみられたので、イギリス経済に対する診断と処方箋(しょほうせん)として、流動性選好説と財政投資という政策提言は有効であったとみるのである。 [一杉哲也] ケインズ主義ケインズの政策提言は、第二次世界大戦後に主要国において採用され、成功した。それらの国々は、財政支出の拡大によって有効需要を増大して失業を減らし、逆に景気の過熱時には財政支出削減や増税などによってこれを冷却させ、大きな景気変動なしに経済成長を可能にし、完全雇用を達成した。これらの経済政策のあり方をケインズ主義とよぶが、ケインズ主義もまたケインズ革命の所産である。 しかし反面、ケインズ主義は、財政規模の拡大、公債依存、インフレーションを招いた。これらに対する批判がマネタリズムの台頭となったが、最近では、ケインズ革命の本質が、流動性選好を中心とする資本主義経済の不安定性にあるとする再評価が盛んである。 [一杉哲也] 『L・R・クライン著、篠原三代平・宮沢健一訳『ケインズ革命』(1947・有斐閣)』▽『A・レイヨンフーヴッド著、根岸隆監訳『ケインジアンの経済学とケインズの経済学』(1978・東洋経済新報社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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