Horse racing

Japanese: 競馬 - けいば（英語表記）horse racing

Generally, it refers to a licensed form of gambling in which horses or carriages pulled by horses gallop and jockeys ride to bet on the outcome of the race. There are several types of betting: (1) horse owners betting on the victory of their horses, (2) betting on winning tickets sold exclusively by the race promoter or its agent, and (3) betting by a private bookmaker with an unspecified number of customers. It is said to have originated in England, where it gained the patronage of royalty and aristocrats and wealthy landowners around the 17th century and the basic system was established by the end of the 18th century. It was then introduced and developed in various countries around the world, and is now popular not only as a hobby for the upper class but also as one of the most universal forms of entertainment for the masses. Today, the global trend is to place more importance on the contribution of profits from horse racing to the finances of national and local governments, rather than on the previously emphasized improvement of horse breeds and the spread of equestrian ideas. In Japan, the first horse racing event was held in Yokohama in 1861 by residents, mainly British. In 1923, the Horse Racing Law was promulgated, and after several amendments, the current system is divided into two: central racing by the Japan Racing Association and local racing by local governments. Horse racing events include flat races, steeplechase races, harness racing, and special races such as mounted trotting, which is popular in France, harpoon racing, which is held in local races in Japan, and ski racing in Switzerland. There are three types of classification based on the system of burden weight: age and weight races, in which the burden weight is determined in advance based on the horse's age and race distance, special weight races, in which the burden weight is determined for each participating horse for each race, and handicap races, in which the burden weight is determined to give all participating horses an equal chance of winning.

Horse Racing Comparison

It is also called komakurabe, kisouma, or kioiuma. It is a horse race held by the Imperial Court and aristocrats during the Nara and Heian periods. Splitting into two groups, one horse from each side competes for speed on a straight track built between the first and second torii gates, and the winner is decided by 10 bouts. There was also a form similar to the later horse race (keiba), in which 10 horses raced side by side. The first was held at the Imperial Palace Butokuden on Sechie (seasonal festival) on May 5, 1093 (Kanji 7). This event fell out of use in the late Heian period, but has since been passed down as a ritual at Kasuga, Kamo, and other shrines, and is still held on May 5 at Kamo Wakeikazuchi Shrine to pray for a good harvest.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

一般には，馬あるいは馬の引く車に騎手が乗って疾走し，その勝負に賭け合うことを目的とする公認の賭け事をさす。賭けの形態には，(1) 馬主同士が各自の持ち馬の勝利に賭ける，(2) 競馬施行者またはその受託者が独占的に発売する勝馬投票券に賭ける，(3) 私企業のブックメーカーが不特定の客と賭けるなどの種類がある。発祥地はイギリスとされており，17世紀頃には王侯貴族や富裕地主の庇護を得て，18世紀末頃までに制度上の基礎は一応確立した。その後世界各国へ伝えられて発展し，上流階級の趣味としてだけでなく，最も普遍性の高い大衆娯楽の一つとして人気を集めている。現在ではかつて強調された馬の品種改良，馬事思想の普及などよりも，競馬開催による収益が国または地方公共団体の財政に寄与している面を重視するのが世界的な傾向である。日本では文久1 (1861) 年，イギリス人を中心とする居留民が横浜で催したのが最初である。 1923年には競馬法が公布され，以後何度かの改正を経て，現在では日本中央競馬会による中央競馬と地方公共団体の地方競馬という2体系で施行されている。競馬の種目には，平地競走，障害競走，繋駕 (けいが) 速歩競走のほか，フランスで盛んな騎乗速歩競走，日本の地方競馬で行われている輓曳 (ばんえい) 競走，スイスのスキー競馬など特殊な競馬もある。また負担重量を課す制度による分類としては，馬齢や競走距離などによってあらかじめ負担重量を定めた馬齢重量競走，出走各馬に各競走ごとに決める別定重量競走，出走全馬に同等の勝機を与えるよう勘案して課すハンディキャップ競走の3種類がある。

競馬
くらべうま

こまくらべ，きそいうま，きおいうまなどともいう。奈良，平安時代に朝廷や貴族間で行われた馬の競走。左右に分れ，各1騎ずつが一の鳥居と二の鳥居の間につくられた直線の馬場で速さを競い，10番の勝負で左右いずれかの勝ちを決める。また 10騎を並べ駆けさせて争う，のちの競馬 (けいば) と同じような形式のものもあった。寛治7 (1093) 年5月5日の節会 (せちえ) に宮中武徳殿で行われたのが最初。平安時代後期にこの行事はすたれたが，以後は春日，賀茂など諸神社の祭儀として引継がれ，賀茂別雷 (わけいかずち) 神社では五穀豊穰の祈願をこめて現在も5月5日に行われている。

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