Oliver Cromwell

Japanese: クロムウェル（英語表記）Oliver Cromwell

1599–1658
English politician and soldier. He was a Puritan from the gentry. He became a member of the House of Commons, and when the Puritan Revolution began in 1642, he joined the parliamentary army, organized a new army centered on the iron cavalry, and defeated the royalist army at the Battle of Naseby. However, conflicts between Presbyterians and independents within the parliamentary party, and between Cromwell's faction and the radical Levellers within the independents party, intensified, and the Presbyterians collaborated with Charles I, who was under imprisonment, and started the second civil war in 1648. Cromwell led the independents and put down the conflict, expelled the Presbyterians from parliament (expulsion of Pride), executed the king in 1649, and declared the only republic in British history. He launched an expedition against Catholics and royalists in Ireland, confiscating their land. This was the beginning of the current Irish problem. In 1651, he conquered Scotland, and issued the Navigation Act to counter the Dutch, defeating them in the Anglo-Dutch War that began in 1652. In 1653 he became Lord Protector, and maintained his power by suppressing reactionaries and radicals through a military dictatorship backed by Puritanism and the New Army. After his death, his son Richard succeeded him, but he soon resigned due to his incompetence, and the monarchy was restored in 1660.

Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition

Japanese:

1599〜1658
イギリスの政治家・軍人
ピューリタンでジェントリの出身。下院議員となり，1642年ピューリタン革命が始まるや議会軍にはいり，鉄騎隊を中核とする新型軍を編成して，ネーズビーの戦いで王党軍を破った。しかし，議会派の内部にプレスビテリアン（長老派）と独立派，独立派の内部にもクロムウェル一派と急進的な水平派（レベラーズ）の対立が激化し，長老派は幽閉中のチャールズ１世と通じ，1648年第２次内乱を起こした。独立派を率いてこれを平定したクロムウェルは，長老派を議会から追放（プライドの追放）し，1649年王を処刑してイギリス史上唯一の共和政を宣言。カトリックや王党派のアイルランドに対して遠征し，土地の没収を行った。これが現在のアイルランド問題のはじまりとなった。1651年にはスコットランドを征圧，またオランダに対抗するため航海法を発布し，52年からの英蘭戦争でオランダを破った。1653年には護国卿となり，ピューリタニズムと新型軍を背景とする軍事独裁により反動派と急進派を弾圧して政権を維持した。彼の死後，その子リチャードがあとを継いだが，力不足で間もなく辞職し，1660年に王政が復古した。

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