Kure Shuzo

Psychiatrist, medical historian, professor at Tokyo Imperial University. Born in Aoyama, Edo, on February 17, 1820 (April 14 in the Gregorian calendar), his maternal grandfather was Mitsukuri Genpo and his father was Hiroshima domain physician Wu Koseki (1811-1879). His elder brother was statistician Wu Ayatoshi. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at the Imperial University in 1890 (Meiji 23) and joined the Department of Psychiatry. He studied in Europe from 1897 to 1901, introducing brain research methods and a new system of psychiatry. On returning to Japan, he was appointed professor at the Imperial University and director of Sugamo Hospital in Tokyo. In 1902 (Meiji 35), he founded the Japanese Society of Neurology (now the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology) and organized a charity relief association for the mentally ill. He carried out major reforms to the in-hospital system at Sugamo Hospital, and in 1919 moved the hospital to Matsuzawa Village in the Osaka Prefecture (present-day Kamikitazawa, Setagaya Ward). In his 1918 book co-authored with Kashida Goro (1883-1938), Actual Conditions and Statistical Observations of the Private Confinement of the Mentally Ill, he severely criticized the Mental Illness Custody Law, which officially recognized the use of zashikiro (rooms confined to rooms in a dwelling), as well as the lack of measures taken by the state and society. In 1925 (Taisho 14), he retired from his position due to the early death of his mentor Sakaki Hajime (1857-1897), and is considered the founder of Japanese psychiatry.

From a young age, he studied medical history with Fujikawa Yu, and in 1896, he founded the Geibi Medical Society with Fujikawa and others. He became the president of the Japanese Society for Medical History when it was founded in 1927 (Showa 2). His representative work is "Dr. Siebold: His Life and Achievements" (1926). He was also known as a writer, and was friends with Mori Mori (Ogai) and others. He passed away on March 26, 1932.

[Yasushi Okada]

"Compiled by Yasuo Okada, 'The Collected Works of Hidezo Go', 2 volumes (1982, Shibunkaku Publishing)" ▽ "Compiled by the Society for the Study of the History of Psychiatric Care, 'Dr. Hidezo Go - His Achievements' (1974, Society for the Commemoration of the Achievements of Dr. Hidezo Go)" ▽ "Written by Yasuo Okada, 'Dr. Hidezo Go - His Life and Achievements' (1982, Shibunkaku Publishing)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

精神医学者、医史学者、東京帝国大学教授。箕作阮甫(みつくりげんぽ)を外祖父に、広島藩医呉黄石(こうせき)（1811―1879）を父に、元治(げんじ)2年2月17日（新暦の4月14日）江戸青山に生まれる。兄は統計学者呉文聡(あやとし)。1890年（明治23）帝国大学医科大学を卒業、精神病学教室に入る。1897～1901年とヨーロッパに留学して、脳研究法と新しい精神医学体系とを導入した。帰国して帝国大学教授および東京府巣鴨(すがも)病院長に任ぜられた。1902年（明治35）には日本神経学会（現、日本精神神経学会）を創立し、精神病者慈善救治会を組織した。巣鴨病院の院内制度を大改革し、1919年には病院を府下松沢村（現、世田谷区上北沢）に移転させた。樫田五郎(かしだごろう)（1883―1938）との共著『精神病者私宅監置ノ実況及ビ其(その)統計的観察』（1918）は、座敷牢(ろう)を公認している精神病者監護法および国家・社会の無策を厳しく批判した。1925年（大正14）定年により退官、退職。師榊俶(さかきはじめ)（1857―1897）早逝のため、日本の精神医学の建立者とされる。

　若年より富士川游(ゆう)とともに医史学を研究し、1896年には富士川らと芸備医学会をおこした。1927年（昭和2）創立の日本医史学会理事長となる。代表作は『シーボルト先生　其生涯及功業』（1926）。文章家としても知られ、森林太郎（鴎外(おうがい)）らと親交があった。昭和7年3月26日死去。

［岡田靖雄］

『岡田靖雄編『呉秀三著作集』全2巻（1982・思文閣出版）』▽『精神医療史研究会編『呉秀三先生――その業績』（1974・呉秀三先生業績顕彰会）』▽『岡田靖雄著『呉秀三　その生涯と業績』（1982・思文閣出版）』

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