Cleopatra (English spelling) Cleopatra (Latin)

Japanese: クレオパトラ - くれおぱとら(英語表記)Cleopatra ラテン語
Cleopatra (English spelling) Cleopatra (Latin)

Cleopatra VII (reigned 51-30 BC), the last queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. The female name Cleopatra was found in the royal family of Alexander the Great of ancient Macedonia, then the Seleucid dynasty of Syria, and was also often used as the name of queens in the Ptolemaic dynasty, but the most famous is Queen Cleopatra VII.

[Kinji Hidemura]

Co-ruler

Cleopatra was born as the second daughter of Ptolemaios Ⅻ Aulētēs (reigned 80-51 BC). She was a beautiful and intelligent woman of Macedonian-Greek descent, highly cultured, and while the royal family only spoke Greek, she understood not only Egyptian but also the languages ​​of neighboring countries, and is said to have been able to respond to diplomatic envoys without an interpreter. At the age of 17, she married her 9-year-old brother Ptolemy XIII, as was customary in the Ptolemy family, and became co-rulers, but the two soon became enemies, and the court was divided into two factions, with Cleopatra at a disadvantage, and she temporarily retreated to Syria. However, in 48 BC, she met Julius Caesar, who had come to Egypt in pursuit of Pompey, and gained his support. In the resulting Alexandrian War, Caesar struggled at first, but eventually defeated and drowned Ptolemy XIII. Caesar appointed Cleopatra and her five-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIV, as co-rulers of Egypt, but she effectively became Caesar's mistress and gave birth to a son, Caesarion. After Caesar's triumphal return to Rome, Cleopatra made an official visit to Rome accompanied by the infant king, and was welcomed into Caesar's mansion. However, when Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BCE, she hurried back to Egypt, killed Ptolemy XIV, and made Caesarion his co-ruler, while quietly watching the political situation after Caesar's death.

[Kinji Hidemura]

Queen of the Hellenistic World

In 42 BC, Antony defeated Caesar's assassins with Octavian. The following year, he met Cleopatra at Tarsus in Asia Minor. He was captivated by her beauty and intelligence, and accompanied her to Alexandria, where they became lovers. In 40 BC, Antony returned to Rome and married Octavian's sister Octavia for political reasons, and it seemed that his relationship with Cleopatra had ended. However, in 37 BC, Antony traveled to the East to invade Parthia, where he rekindled his love for Cleopatra and received her military support. The couple had twin children, a boy and a girl. The Parthian campaign in 36 BC ended in a disastrous defeat, but Cleopatra rushed to Phoenicia to rescue him. In 34 BC, Antony won a victory in Armenia, and contrary to custom, held his triumphal procession in Alexandria instead of Rome. Cleopatra, disguised as the goddess Isis, presented herself as the queen of the Hellenistic East, with her vassal kings. News of this soon reached Rome, and between 35 and 34 BC Octavian and Antony launched a lively literary battle of propaganda and accusations, ranging from political issues to the revelation of scandalous women.

[Kinji Hidemura]

Battle of Actium

In 33 BC, Antony gathered the Roman legions from the East and the armies of the vassal states in Ephesus, and Cleopatra provided warships and funds. In 32 BC, Antony finally sent a letter of divorce to Octavian, and Octavian declared war only on Cleopatra to avoid the formality of civil war. In 31 BC, both sides risked the world in the naval Battle of Actium, but in the middle of the battle, Cleopatra fled with her fleet and Antony pursued her, so the battle ended abruptly. In 30 BC, Antony committed suicide in Alexandria, and Cleopatra, refusing to be paraded around in a Roman triumph, is said to have died by biting a poisonous snake.

[Kinji Hidemura]

evaluation

Cleopatra, who charmed two of Rome's leading generals, Caesar and Antony, was reviled by the Romans as the "Witch of the Nile," but her honorable death was praised. Interest in this last Hellenistic queen continues to this day, as seen in Pascal's aphorism "Cleopatra's Nose," Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra based on Plutarch, and Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra, as well as their film adaptations.

[Kinji Hidemura]

"Cleopatra" by Emil Ludwig, translated by Takatsu Kumiko (1973, Chikuma Shobo) " ▽ "Cleopatra and Her Times" by Asaka Tadashi (1974, Sogen Shinsho)"Cleopatra: A Vanished Dream" by Benoit Mechain, translated by Morozumi Yoshihiko (1979, Misuzu Shobo)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

クレオパトラ7世(在位前51~前30)。エジプトのプトレマイオス朝最後の女王。クレオパトラという女性名は、古代マケドニアのアレクサンドロス大王の王家、ついでシリアのセレウコス王家にみいだされ、さらにプトレマイオス王家にも女王名としてしばしば用いられたが、もっとも有名なのは女王クレオパトラ7世である。

[秀村欣二]

共同統治

クレオパトラは、プトレマイオス12世アウレテスPtolemaios Ⅻ Aulētēs(在位前80~前51)の次女として生まれた。マケドニア・ギリシア系の才色兼備の婦人で、高い教養をもち、ギリシア語しか話さなかった王家の人々のなかで、エジプト語はもちろん、近隣諸国の言語を解し、外交使節とも通訳なしに応対したといわれる。17歳のとき、プトレマイオス家の慣例に従って9歳の弟プトレマイオス13世と結婚し、共同統治者となったが、まもなく2人は反目し、宮廷内も2派に分かれて争い、クレオパトラのほうが劣勢で、一時シリアに退いた。ところが、紀元前48年ポンペイウスを追ってエジプトにきたユリウス・カエサルに1人で会ってその支持を取り付けた。その結果生じたアレクサンドリア戦争で、カエサルは初め苦戦したが、ついにプトレマイオス13世を敗走、溺死(できし)させた。カエサルは、クレオパトラと5歳の末弟プトレマイオス14世をエジプトの共同統治者としたが、彼女は事実上カエサルの愛人となり、男児カエサリオンを生んだ。カエサルのローマ凱旋(がいせん)後、クレオパトラは幼王をも伴ってローマを公式訪問し、カエサルの邸宅に迎えられた。しかし前44年3月15日カエサルが暗殺されると、急いでエジプトに帰り、プトレマイオス14世を殺し、カエサリオンを共同統治者としてカエサル亡きあとの政治情勢を静観した。

[秀村欣二]

ヘレニズム世界の女王

その後、前42年オクタウィアヌスとともにカエサル暗殺者たちを撃滅したアントニウスは、翌年小アジアのタルソスでクレオパトラと会見、その美貌(びぼう)と才知のとりことなり、アレクサンドリアに同道し、交情を結んだ。前40年アントニウスはローマに帰り、オクタウィアヌスの姉オクタウィアと政略結婚し、クレオパトラとの関係は解消したかにみえた。しかし前37年、パルティア遠征のため東方にきたアントニウスは、クレオパトラとの愛情を復活するとともに、彼女から軍事的支援を得た。2人の間には男女の双生児が生まれた。前36年のパルティア遠征は惨敗に終わったが、クレオパトラはフェニキアまで救援に駆けつけた。前34年アントニウスはアルメニアで勝利を収めると、凱旋式を慣例に反してローマでなくアレクサンドリアで挙行した。クレオパトラはイシス女神の扮装(ふんそう)をし、藩属国諸王を従え、東方ヘレニズム世界の女王としてふるまった。この知らせはやがてローマに達し、前35~前34年にかけてオクタウィアヌスとアントニウスとの間に活発な宣伝と非難の文書合戦が開始され、それは政治問題から女性関係のスキャンダルの暴露にまで及んだ。

[秀村欣二]

アクティウムの海戦

前33年、アントニウスはエフェソスに東方のローマ軍団と藩属国の軍隊を集結、クレオパトラも軍船と軍資金を提供した。前32年、アントニウスはついにオクタウィアに離縁状を送り、オクタウィアヌスは内乱の形式を避けるため、クレオパトラに対してのみ宣戦を布告した。前31年、アクティウムの海戦に双方は天下を賭(と)したが、戦いなかばにしてクレオパトラは艦隊を率いて逃走しアントニウスもこれを追ったので、戦いはあっけない結末に終わった。前30年、アレクサンドリアでアントニウスが自殺し、クレオパトラもローマの凱旋式に引き回されることを拒否して、毒蛇に身をかませて死んだと伝えられる。

[秀村欣二]

評価

カエサル、アントニウスと2人のローマの代表的将軍を魅惑したクレオパトラは、ローマ人から「ナイルの魔女」と悪罵(あくば)されたが、その最後の潔い死は評価された。「クレオパトラの鼻」で知られるパスカルの警句、プルタルコスに拠(よ)ったシェークスピアの『アントニーとクレオパトラ』やバーナード・ショーの『シーザーとクレオパトラ』とそれらの映画化など、このヘレニズムの最後の女王への関心は今日まで続いている。

[秀村欣二]

『エーミル・ルートヴィッヒ著、高津久美子訳『クレオパトラ』(1973・筑摩書房)』『浅香正著『クレオパトラとその時代』(1974・創元新書)』『ブノワ・メシャン著、両角良彦訳『クレオパトラ――消え失せし夢』(1979・みすず書房)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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