Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort

Japanese: クーリッジ（英語表記）Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort

Born: August 28, 1850, New York, New York, United States
[Died] May 8, 1926, Grindelwald, Switzerland. British historian and mountaineer born in the United States. He made some 1,750 ascents and conducted early systematic surveys of the Swiss, French and Italian Alps. After graduating from Oxford University, he taught at the university for several years and was ordained as a priest in the Church of England in 1883. He was introduced to the Alps by his aunt as a boy, and mountaineering and the study of the Alps became his main interests. He lived in Switzerland from 1885. His major ascents were made between 1865 and 1898, and he made the first winter ascent of the Jungfrau (4,158m) in 1874. As a historian, he was known for his meticulous research and compilation. His main works include "Guide to Switzerland" (1901) and "The Alps in Nature and History" (1908).

Coolidge
Coolidge, (John) Calvin

Born July 4, 1872 in Plymouth, Vermont
[Died] January 5, 1933. Northampton, Massachusetts. American politician. 30th President (in office 1923-29). Graduated from Amherst College. A member of the Republican Party, he was Governor of Massachusetts in 1918. In November 1920, he became Vice President under President W. Harding, and in August 1923, he became President upon Harding's death. He was elected President in 1924. While he did not demonstrate any notable political leadership during his presidency, he was known for his policies of maintaining economic stability and minimizing government interference in industry and business management. He reduced taxes to favor capital accumulation and maintained high protective tariffs. His foreign policy was based on international cooperation, and he contributed to the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1928.

Coolidge
Coolidge, William David

Born October 23, 1873 in Hudson
[Died] February 3, 1975, Schenectady, New York. American physicist. Graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he was an assistant professor there before joining General Electric (1905) and serving as director of the company's research laboratory (1932-44). In 1908, he developed a method for manufacturing tungsten filaments for light bulbs, and in 1916, he created an X-ray tube (the Coolidge tube) that used tungsten as a cathode, promoting the use of X-rays. During World War II, he was involved in research on radar and rockets, and also participated in the Manhattan Project.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1850.8.28. アメリカ合衆国，ニューヨーク，ニューヨーク
[没]1926.5.8. スイス，グリンデルワルト
アメリカ合衆国生まれのイギリスの歴史家，登山家。約 1750回の登山を通じ，スイス，フランス，イタリアのアルプスについて，初期の体系的な調査を行なった。オックスフォード大学を卒業後，同大学で数年教職につき，1883年にイギリス国教会の司祭に叙任された。少年時代におばにアルプスを教えられ，登山とアルプスの研究がおもな関心事になった。1885年からスイスに在住。主要な登山は 1865年から 1898年の間に行なわれ，1874年には最初のユングフラウ（4158m）冬季登山を成し遂げた。歴史家としては，綿密な研究と編纂で知られる。おもな著書に "Guide to Switzerland"（1901），"The Alps in Nature and History"（1908）など。

クーリッジ
Coolidge, (John) Calvin

[生]1872.7.4. バーモント，プリマス
[没]1933.1.5. マサチューセッツ，ノーサンプトン
アメリカの政治家。第 30代大統領 (在任 1923～29) 。アマースト大学卒業。共和党に属し，1918年マサチューセッツ州知事。 20年 11月 W.ハーディング大統領のもとで副大統領，23年8月ハーディングが没すると大統領に昇格，24年大統領に選出された。大統領在任中は人目をひく政治指導力はみられなかったが，経済の安定を維持し，産業界と企業経営に対する政府の干渉を極力押える政策が特徴的で，税率引下げにより資本蓄積を有利にし高率の保護関税を維持した。外交政策は国際協調を基本とし，28年パリ不戦条約の締結に寄与した。

クーリッジ
Coolidge， William David

[生]1873.10.23. ハドソン
[没]1975.2.3. ニューヨーク，スケネクタディ
アメリカの物理学者。マサチューセッツ工科大学を卒業，同大学助教授を経て，ゼネラル・エレクトリック社に入り (1905) ，同社研究所所長 (32～44) 。 1908年電球用のタングステン・フィラメントの製造法を開発，16年タングステンを陰極に用いたX線管 (クーリッジ管) をつくり，X線利用を促進した。第2次世界大戦中はレーダやロケットの研究にも関与し，またマンハッタン計画にも加わった。

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