A general term for ester compounds of glycerol (glycerin) and fatty acids. Also called glycerin fatty acid esters, there are three types: monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides, depending on the number of fatty acid residues (acyl groups) bound (1 to 3). If there is only one type of acyl group, it is called a single glyceride, and if there are two or three types of acyl groups, it is called a mixed glyceride. The International Union of Chemistry has determined that the official chemical name of glycerides is acylglycerol, and that to indicate the acyl group composition, the acyl group name is prefixed as shown in , but the general term glyceride is commonly used.[Izumi Okawa] PropertiesAlthough their properties vary depending on the number and type of acyl groups, they are generally insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Some are liquid and some are solid at room temperature, but the longer the carbon chain of the acyl group and the fewer double bonds (unsaturated bonds), the higher the melting point. They are colorless and odorless, and have a lower specific gravity than water. Acyl groups with many double bonds tend to be oxidized and denatured when exposed to oxygen and light. Natural acyl groups are synthesized by the polymerization of acetic acid, which has two carbon atoms, so the number of carbon atoms is limited to an even number. [Izumi Okawa] Existence and UseTriglycerides are naturally produced in large quantities as energy storage substances in animals and plant seeds. The main components of animal and vegetable fats and oils, or edible oils, neutral fats, and simple lipids are all mixed triglycerides. They can supply 9 kcal per gram, 2.2 times the energy of carbohydrates and proteins. Since they are light in weight relative to their energy content and adipose tissue can remain soft at the body temperature of each animal, they are the only substance that allows active animals to store large amounts of energy in the body. The fats of animals with body temperatures of about 37°C, such as cows and pigs (including whale oil), contain a lot of palmitic acid (16 carbons, 0 double bonds; same below), stearic acid (18,0), and oleic acid (18,1) residues, and are solid at room temperature, whereas vegetable oils and fish oils that grow at low temperatures have less stearic acid and contain a lot of oleic acid, linoleic acid (18,2), and linolenic acid (18,3) residues, and are liquid at room temperature. It is collected, refined, and sometimes processed by increasing its melting point to produce edible oil, and is also hydrolyzed to produce soap and glycerin. Mono- and diglycerides do not exist in large quantities in nature, but are chemically synthesized from fats and oils. Monoglycerides have been produced industrially since around 1910, and are added to margarine, ice cream, and various other processed foods as emulsifiers and stabilizers. They also act against the amylose and amylopectin in starch to prevent them from aging, so they are also added to bread to prevent it from hardening. [Izumi Okawa] Structured LipidsSince the 1990s, health-conscious modified glycerides have been developed and are called "structured lipids." Diglycerides, which are triglycerides with one fatty acid removed, can be used like edible oils, but because they are poorly absorbed from the digestive tract, they have been designated as foods for specified health uses because of their "body fat accumulation inhibitory effect." Existing glycerides have also been developed with specific acyl groups attached to specific positions of glycerol through ester exchange reactions. For example, a triglyceride that combines one long-chain fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms and two medium-chain fatty acids with 8 carbon atoms has the same properties as an edible oil but does not cause obesity. There are also examples of favorable fatty acid composition obtained by selective breeding of oil-producing plants. In conventional rapeseed oil, the content of a fatty acid called erucic acid (22, 1) can reach 50%, and long-term consumption can cause cardiomyopathy. A canola variety created through selective breeding has an erucic acid content of 0.6%, and this new variety became the main raw material for rapeseed oil. [Izumi Okawa] [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | | |Fats | |©Shogakukan "> Structural formula of glyceride (diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
グリセロール(グリセリン)と脂肪酸とのエステル化合物の総称。グリセリン脂肪酸エステルともよばれ、結合している脂肪酸残基(アシル基)の個数(1~3)により、モノグリセリド、ジグリセリド、トリグリセリドの3種がある。また、そのアシル基が1種であれば単一グリセリド、2種または3種のアシル基を含むものを混合グリセリドとよぶ。国際化学連盟はグリセリドの正規化学名をアシルグリセロールと定め、アシル基組成を表示するには に示したようにアシル基名を接頭表記することとしたが、総称としてのグリセリドの呼称は一般に用いられている。[大川いづみ] 性状アシル基の個数、種類により性状は異なるが、概して水に不溶で有機溶媒に溶ける。常温で液体のものも固体のものもあるが、アシル基の炭素鎖が長いほど、また二重結合(不飽和結合)が少ないほど融点が高くなる。無色、無臭で、比重は水より小さい。二重結合が多いと酸素と光に触れて酸化変性する傾向が強い。なお、天然のアシル基は炭素2個の酢酸が重合して合成されるため、その炭素数は偶数に限られる。 [大川いづみ] 存在・用途トリグリセリドは動物や植物種子のエネルギー貯蔵物質として天然に大量に産する。動植物油脂または食用油、中性脂肪、単純脂質といわれるものの主成分は、すべて混合トリグリセリドである。1グラム当り9キロカロリーと糖質やタンパク質の2.2倍のエネルギーを供給できる。エネルギー量に比して軽く、それぞれの動物の体温において脂肪組織は柔らかい状態を保てるので、運動する動物にとって大量のエネルギーを体内に蓄積するための唯一の物質である。ウシ、ブタなど体温約37℃の動物の脂肪(鯨油も含む)にはパルミチン酸(炭素数16、二重結合0。以下同じ)、ステアリン酸(18、0)、オレイン酸(18、1)の残基が多く室温で固体であるのに対し、低温で成長する植物油や魚の油ではステアリン酸が減じ、オレイン酸、リノール酸(18、2)、リノレン酸(18、3)残基が多く、室温で液体である。採集、精製、ときに融点を高めるなどの加工をしておもに食用油とするほか、加水分解してせっけんとグリセリンの材料にする。 モノおよびジグリセリドは天然に大量には存在しないが、油脂から化学合成される。モノグリセリドは1910年ごろから工業的に製造され、乳化剤、安定剤としてマーガリン、アイスクリームほか多様な加工食品に添加されている。デンプンのアミロース、アミロペクチンと作用しその老化を防ぐ効果もあるので、パンの硬化防止のためにも添加される。 [大川いづみ] 構造脂質1990年代から健康志向の改造グリセリドが開発され「構造脂質」とよばれている。トリグリセリドの脂肪酸を一つはずしたジグリセリドは食用油のように使えるが、消化管からの吸収が低率のために「体脂肪蓄積抑制効果」があるとして特定保健用食品に指定された。エステル交換反応で既存のグリセリドのグリセロールの特定の位置に特定のアシル基を結合したものも開発された。一例をあげれば炭素数22の長鎖脂肪酸1個、炭素数8の中鎖脂肪酸2個を結合したトリグリセリドは、食用油としての性状は変わらないが肥満にならないという。油用植物の品種改良によって好ましい脂肪酸組成を得た例もある。在来の菜種油ではエルカ酸(22、1)という脂肪酸の含有量が50%にもなり、長期摂取すると心筋症を引き起こす恐れがある。品種改良で創出されたキャノーラ種ではエルカ酸含量が0.6%で、この新品種が菜種油の主要原料となった。 [大川いづみ] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> グリセリドの構造式〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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