Glasgow (English spelling)

Japanese: グラスゴー（英語表記）Glasgow

A city in the mid-west of Scotland, UK. A unitary municipality (council area). In 1975, it became the capital and a district of Strathclyde County, and in 1996, it became a unitary municipality. The entire area belongs to the former Lanarkshire County. It is the largest city in Scotland and its economic center. It is a port city facing the lower reaches of the Clyde River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The river runs through the city center from east-southeast to west-northwest, and is lined with wharves, shipyards, and ship-related machinery factories. Archaeological evidence suggests that a settlement was formed here in prehistoric times, but today's Glasgow began around 550 when the early Christian saint Mungo built a religious settlement and a chapel here. It was a crossing point at the lowest point of the Clyde River, and occupied a strategic location where natural transportation routes converged, so it became a commercial center early on, and its importance gradually increased after James VI (→James I), King of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne in 1603. Coal, wool, herring, etc. were shipped from the port, but when trade with the Americas began in the early 18th century, it rapidly developed as a base for trade, and prospered especially in tobacco trading. As a result, the dredging of the River Clyde progressed, and large ships were able to sail up the river to the center of the city. When the tobacco trade was halted due to the American War of Independence in 1775, the city's economy was hit hard, but with the progress of the Industrial Revolution, industries such as coal mining, cast iron, and chemicals flourished, and in the 19th century, shipbuilding developed, and the population rapidly increased, making it the largest city in Scotland. After World War I, shipbuilding and heavy industry declined, and now the industry has diversified, with industries such as textiles, food, beverages, tobacco, chemicals, machinery, and printing being carried out. It is also a center of academics and culture, with many higher education institutions, including the University of Glasgow, founded in 1451, as well as libraries, museums, and art galleries. The Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (1985), an exhibition centre, is also located here. There are several old buildings, such as Glasgow Cathedral, but the city was redeveloped in conjunction with the industrial development of the 19th century, and so there are few buildings from before the 18th century. After World War II, two new towns, East Kilbride and Cumbernauld, were built in the vicinity to absorb some of the city's growing population. Unitary area: 177 ^km2 . Unitary population: 580,690 (2006 estimate), metropolitan population: 1,171,390 (2004 estimate).

Glasgow
Glasgow, Ellen (Anderson Gholson)

Born April 22, 1874 in Richmond, Virginia.
[Died] November 21, 1945, Richmond, Virginia. American female writer. Born into an old, distinguished family, she began writing novels at the age of 18. Due to poor health, she received almost no formal education, and was familiar with her father's vast library. She remained single throughout her life in her hometown of Virginia, and the world of her novels was limited to the life of her surroundings. However, unlike other Southern regionalist writers, she was not bound by a sentimental view of the South that glorified the glory of the "lost" South, but instead sharply criticized the South's shortcomings with humor and irony. She reached her peak as a writer after World War I, when she published a series of realistic works, including Barren Ground (1925), which depicts the life of a lonely woman living in a rural southern village in harsh writing. Her works include Vein of Iron (35), which tells the story of an indomitable southern woman, and In This Our Life (41, Pulitzer Prize), which depicts the decadent upper class of the south on the eve of World War II. Her autobiography, The Woman Within (54), was published posthumously.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イギリス，スコットランド中西部の都市。単一自治体（カウンシルエリア council area）。1975年の自治体再編でストラスクライド県の県都および一地区となり，1996年に単一自治体となった。全域が旧ラナークシャー県に属する。スコットランド最大の都市で，その経済中心地。大西洋に注ぐクライド川の下流部に臨む港湾都市で，市中心部を東南東から西北西へ貫流する同川の沿岸には埠頭や造船所，船舶関係の機械工場などが連なる。考古学的史料により先史時代からここに集落が形成されていたと考えられるが，今日のグラスゴーは，550年頃イギリスの初期キリスト教の聖人マンゴーがこの地に宗教集落と礼拝堂を建設したことに始まる。クライド川最下流の渡河点で，自然の交通路が集まる要地を占めていたため，早くから商業中心地となり，1603年にスコットランド王ジェームズ6世（→ジェームズ1世）がイングランド王位を継承すると，しだいに重要性を増していった。港からは石炭，毛織物，ニシンなどを積み出していたが，18世紀初めアメリカ大陸との交易が始まると，その拠点として急発展し，特にたばこの取り引きで繁栄。それに伴ってクライド川の浚渫（しゅんせつ）が進み，大型船が市の中心部まで遡航できるようになった。1775年アメリカ独立戦争によりたばこ交易が中止されると，市の経済は大きな打撃を受けたが，産業革命の進展とともに，石炭採掘や，鋳鉄，化学などの工業が盛んとなり，19世紀に入ると造船業が発達，人口も急増してスコットランド最大の都市となった。第1次世界大戦後は造船業と重工業は衰退，現在は多様化し，繊維，食品，飲料，たばこ，化学，機械，印刷などの工業が行なわれる。学術，文化の中心地でもあり，1451年創立のグラスゴー大学をはじめとする多数の高等教育機関や，図書館，博物館，美術館などが集まる。見本市会場スコティッシュ・エキシビション・カンファレンスセンター（1985）も所在。グラスゴー大聖堂などの古い建築物もいくつかあるが，市街は 19世紀の工業発展に伴って再開発されたため，18世紀以前の建築物は少ない。増加を続ける市の人口を一部吸収するため，第2次世界大戦後，近郊にイーストキルブライド，カンバーノールドの二つのニュータウンが建設された。単一自治体面積 177km²。単一自治体人口 58万690（2006推計），都市圏人口 117万1390（2004推計）。

グラスゴー
Glasgow， Ellen (Anderson Gholson)

[生]1874.4.22. バージニア，リッチモンド
[没]1945.11.21. バージニア，リッチモンド
アメリカの女流作家。古い名門の出身で，18歳から小説を書きはじめた。病弱のためもあって正規の教育はほとんど受けず，父親の膨大な蔵書に親しみ，生涯独身で故郷バージニアにとどまり，その作品の世界も周囲の生活に限られていたが，ほかの南部の地方主義的な作家とは異なり，「失われた」南部の栄光を美化する感傷的な南部観にとらわれず，ユーモアと皮肉を交えながら南部の欠陥を鋭く批判した。作家としての成熟期は第1次世界大戦後で，きびしい筆致で南部の農村に生きる孤独な女の一生を描いた『不毛の地』 Barren Ground (1925) をはじめ，リアリスティックな作品を次々に発表。不屈の南部女性を主人公にした『不屈の人』 Vein of Iron (35) ，第2次世界大戦前夜の退廃的な南部上流社会を描く『このわれらの生に』 In This Our Life (41，ピュリッツァー賞) などがある。死後，自伝『内なる女性』 The Woman Within (54) が出版された。

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