National service - Kuniyaku

Japanese: 国役 - くにやく

It can also be read as kokuyaku. From the end of the Heian period onwards, taxes imposed by the Imperial Court or kokushi on a regular or temporary basis on local areas, and from the Muromachi period onwards, taxes imposed by the shogunate on shugo and on each province through the shugo were collectively called kokuyaku. Among these, taxes such as the rice tax for the Shikinen Sengu ceremony at Ise Jingu and the Zodairi tax for the reconstruction of the Imperial Palace were levied uniformly on all provinces, regardless of whether they were public lands or manors, and were therefore called koku-hyo-yaku. The kokuyaku of the early modern period was derived from the koku-hyo-yaku of the Middle Ages, and when large-scale river improvements were carried out, peasants from various provinces, mainly in the river basin, were conscripted as construction laborers according to their land holdings, and this was called kokuyaku-fushin. Also, during the Kyoho era (1716-1736), when Korean envoys were sent to Japan, peasants in 16 provinces along the Tokaido road were taxed at more than 3 bu of gold per 100 koku in the name of kokuyakukin. On the other hand, in areas such as Edo Castle, artisans were given a certain amount of townhouse space (called kokuyaku-cho) and were required to perform kokuyo service (carpenter, sawsmith, foundry worker, etc.) in return. From the mid-Edo period onwards, kokuyo construction and artisans' kokuyo service was paid in monetary payment (kokuyo silver) instead of actual work.
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National office [kokuyaku]

→ National office

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

〈こくやく〉とも読む。平安時代末期以降，朝廷・国司が在地に恒例または臨時に賦課した課役や，室町時代以降には幕府が守護に，また守護を介して各国に課した課役を総称して国役といった。このうち伊勢神宮の式年遷宮の役夫工米(やくぶくまい)や内裏(だいり)再建のための造内裏役などは一国内の公領・荘園を問わず一律に賦課されたため，一国平均役と称した。近世の国役は中世の一国平均役の系譜をひき，大規模な河川改修にあたって，流域を中心に諸国の百姓を高に応じて普請人足として徴集，これを国役普請とよんだ。また享保年中（1716年−1736年）には朝鮮通信使の逓送にあたり，東海道16ヵ国の百姓から100石につき金３分余を国役金の名目で徴収している。一方江戸城下などにおいては，職人に対して〈領国民の役目〉といった意味合いで国役が課せられており，一定の町屋敷（これを国役町とよんだ）を与える一方，代償に国役勤仕（大工役・鋸匠役・鋳物役など）を求めている。江戸時代中期以降は国役普請や職人の国役勤仕は実働から貨幣代納（国役銀）になっている。
→関連項目大田文｜方上荘｜夫役