National uprising

Japanese: 国一揆 - くにいっき
National uprising

During the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, local feudal lords and farmers in the Kinai region attempted to eliminate the control of the shugo and establish a kunimochi system. There were two classes of local power in the Muromachi period. One was the lords of manors and villages in kokuga territories, who were descended from local samurai and Kamakura period jito (land stewards). The other was the feudal lords and powerful headmen who lived within manors and were involved in agricultural management themselves. Of these, it was the latter who became the main force in the kuni-ikki. Under the manor system, these feudal lords and powerful headmen were powerful managers within manors and were usually appointed by the lord as lower-ranking manor officials. In addition to the privileges of manor officials, the manor official's land allowances and tokubun (shares of land) that they were given were also important economic foundations for this class. However, although this class was positioned at the bottom of the ruling structure, because they managed their own manors, they shared many interests with ordinary peasants, and therefore had a leadership role in villages. For example, they often played a central role in struggles to demand reductions in taxes from manorial lords, or in struggles to demand necessary agricultural expenses such as water fees.

Meanwhile, around this time, the differentiation of occupations became widespread, and a multi-layered land ownership relationship in which a single plot of land was held by a headman, a farmer, and a subordinate farmer became common. Direct producers were not only deprived of the tax they paid to the manor lord, but also of their landlord's share of the profits. When farmers were unable to repay their loans for money or rice, they sold their land and were allowed to continue cultivating it on the condition that the buyer paid the profits (landlord-tenant relationship) to them. In other words, land ownership aimed at the profits of the profits became common. This kind of land accumulation was promoted by usury capitalists, represented by sake makers and doso (cash merchants), but tokusei ikki (uprisings to stop this movement) became frequent. In the struggle against the exploitation by usury capitalists from outside the manor, the interests of the local lords and powerful headmen were aligned with those of the farmers, and they were able to fight together as leaders.

However, by the time of the Onin War (1467-77), the local lords and powerful headmen themselves had begun to accumulate their land. Moreover, as the division of occupations had become more widespread than before, the accumulation of land had become quite large. As a result, the interests of these classes and the peasant class no longer necessarily coincided. Although they could fight together against the manor lords, their interests began to conflict in the Tokusei Ikki. However, this land acquisition was not guaranteed by the manor system. Originally, the division of occupations by the sale of the land acquisition was established as an action to protect the peasant's land ownership and cultivation rights. Therefore, it was the village community regulations that guaranteed the land acquisition. However, as a rift arose between the peasant class and the local lords due to their accumulation of land, the community regulations alone were no longer sufficient to guarantee the land acquisition. As a result, common interests arose among the local lords who wanted to protect it, and a wide-ranging alliance was formed.

On the other hand, the Shugo daimyo of this era ruled their territories based on the manor system. Even if they seized or invaded manors, they did so based on the manor system, and imposed Shugo-infu and tansen on each manor. In addition, because they tried to have the manor officials of each manor appoint their vassals, the local lords and powerful headman classes found their positions as manor officials unstable, and came into conflict with the Shugo daimyo. Furthermore, when the Shugo daimyo repeatedly fought battles, it posed a great danger to their lives and livelihoods. Kuni-ikki was started with the aim of eliminating this kind of Shugo rule. Therefore, in many cases, it took the form of an anti-shugo struggle. In this respect, it coincided with the demands of the peasant class, so the Kuni-ikki took the form of a widespread peasant uprising under the leadership of a coalition of local lords and powerful headman classes. This also made it possible to fight against the Shugo. However, as mentioned above, new contradictions had already formed between the local lords and the powerful headmen. The Yamashiro Province Rebellion that occurred in Minamiyamashiro in 1485 (Bunmei 17) provides the most detailed account of how this happened.

[Naonori Kurokawa]

Nakamura Yoshiharu, Research on Peasant Revolts (1974, Azekura Shobo) Inagaki Yasuhiko and Toda Yoshimi, eds., Peasant Revolts and Civil Wars (1975, Sanseido) Aoki Michio et al., eds., The History of Revolts (1981, University of Tokyo Press)

[Reference] | Virtuous government | Yamashiro Province uprising

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

室町・戦国時代に畿内(きない)を中心にして、在地土豪や農民たちが守護の領国支配を排除し、国持(くにもち)体制を確立しようとして起こした一揆。室町時代には在地勢力として二つの階層があった。一つは在地武士や鎌倉時代の地頭(じとう)の系譜を引く荘園(しょうえん)や国衙(こくが)領の郷村(ごうそん)の領主層であり、一つは荘園内部に住み自らも農業経営に携わっていた土豪・有力名主(みょうしゅ)層である。このうち国一揆の主体となったのは後者である。この土豪・有力名主層は、荘園制下においては、荘園内で有力な経営を行うとともに、領主からは下級の荘官に任命されていたのが通例である。荘官としての特権とともに、与えられていた荘官給田(きゅうでん)や得分(とくぶん)も、この層の重要な経済的な基盤となっていた。しかし、この階層は支配機構の末端に位置づけられながらも、荘園において自ら経営を行っていたため、一般の農民と利害を共通にする点が多く、したがって、村落においては指導者としての側面をもっていた。たとえば、荘園領主に対して年貢の減免を求める闘争や井料(いりょう)など農業に必要な経費を要求する闘いにあたっては、その中心となることが多かった。

 一方、このころになると、職(しき)の分化が広範化し、一筆の土地に名主職、作職、下作職といった重層的な土地所有関係が一般化してくる。直接生産者は、荘園領主に納める年貢だけではなく、地主的な得分である加地子(かじし)をも収奪されるようになってくる。農民が借銭や借米の返済が不可能になり、土地を売却して、買い手への加地子の支払いを条件に、その後も耕作を認められるという関係(地主―小作関係)が発生する。逆にいえば、加地子得分を目的とする土地所有が一般化してくるのである。このような土地集積は、酒屋・土倉(どそう)に代表される高利貸資本によって進められてくるが、この動きを阻止するための徳政(とくせい)一揆が頻発するようになってきた。このような、荘外からの高利貸資本による収奪に反対する闘争では、土豪や有力名主層も農民たちと利害が一致し、指導者としてともに闘うことができた。

 ところが、応仁(おうにん)の乱(1467~77)を迎えるころになると、土豪・有力名主層自身も加地子得分の集積を行うようになってきた。しかも、職の分化が以前よりも広範囲にわたるようになってきたので、その土地集積はかなり大規模なものとなっていった。その結果、これらの層と農民層の利害は、かならずしも一致しなくなってきた。荘園領主に対しては共同して闘えても、徳政一揆には利害が対立するようになってきたのである。ところで、この加地子得分は荘園制によって保障されたものではなかった。もともと得分売却による職の分化は、農民の土地保有・耕作権を守るための行動によって成立したものである。したがって、加地子得分を保障してきたのは村落の共同体規制であった。しかし、土豪層の土地集積によって、農民層との間に亀裂(きれつ)が生じると、共同体規制だけでは加地子得分を保障するのに十分ではなくなってきた。そこで、これを守ろうとする土豪層の間に共通の利害が生じ、広範囲の連合が生じるのである。

 一方、この時代の守護大名は荘園制を前提として領国の支配を行っていた。荘園を押領(おうりょう)したり侵略することはあっても、荘園制を前提とし、荘園ごとに守護人夫や段銭(たんせん)を賦課した。また、各荘園の荘官に自分たちの被官を補任(ぶにん)させようとしたため、土豪・有力名主層たちはその荘官としての地位が不安定なものとなり、守護大名と対立するようになった。さらに守護大名が合戦を繰り返している場合には、彼らの生活や生命に大きな危険を与えることになった。国一揆はこのような守護支配の排除を目的にして起こされたのである。したがってそれは、多くの場合に反守護闘争という形で成立した。この点では農民層の要求とも一致するので、国一揆は土豪・有力名主層の連合による指導のもとに、広範な農民が蜂起(ほうき)する形をとった。また、それゆえに守護との闘いが可能であったのである。しかし、前述のように、すでに土豪・有力名主層との間には新しい矛盾が形成されていたのである。その経緯をもっとも詳細に伝えてくれるのが、1485年(文明17)に南山城(やましろ)で起きた山城国一揆である。

[黒川直則]

『中村吉治著『土一揆研究』(1974・校倉書房)』『稲垣泰彦・戸田芳実編『土一揆と内乱』(1975・三省堂)』『青木美智男他編『一揆の歴史』(1981・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 徳政 | 山城国一揆

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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