Lips - lips

Japanese: 唇 - くちびる
Lips - lips

In anatomical terms, the lips are called the lips, and are written as kuchibiru. They are muscular folds that are particularly developed in mammals, with the upper and lower lips on top and bottom, surrounding a horizontal cleft. The outer ends of the cleft are called the corners of the mouth, where the upper and lower lips connect, and this part is called the labial commissure. The outer surface of the lips has the same structure as the skin of the face, and the inner surface facing the oral cavity is covered with oral mucosa. The part of the lips that looks red is the transition between the skin and oral mucosa, and is called the lip margin or vermilion margin (lip vermilion), and is a characteristic of humans. Between the skin and mucosa, there are blood vessels, nerves, coarse connective tissue, and fat tissue, centered around a muscle called the orbicularis oris muscle. On the skin side, there are hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, etc., and on the mucosa side, there are numerous labial glands. The labial gland is a type of salivary gland that secretes a mixture of mucus (a viscous fluid) and serous fluid (a watery fluid that contains salts, proteins, and enzymes). The lip margin has a thick and developed epidermal layer, little keratinization, and a wealth of capillaries beneath the epidermal layer, which gives it a red appearance. In newborns, the inner epidermis of the lip margin is thickened and there are many sebaceous glands that are not associated with hair, and this structure is thought to be useful for sucking milk. The orbicularis oris muscle surrounds the lip and acts as a sphincter to close the lip. This muscle is activated when the lips are pushed forward, the mouth is pursed, or a whistle is blown. The lip opens due to the many dilator muscles that run radially around the lips. The lips are moved by the activity of these sphincter and dilator muscles, which allows for a variety of facial expressions. The lips are highly sensitive because the branches of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5) are distributed in the lips and have many sensory endings, making them a kind of erogenous zone. A shallow groove runs down from the nasal septum in the middle of the upper lip, called the philtrum. Between the upper lip and the cheek, there is a nasolabial groove that runs from the outside of the ala of the nose to the labial commissure. Generally, the lips refer to the vermilion border, but anatomically, the lips are broadly defined as the area inside the nasolabial groove. The shape of the so-called lips (vermilion border) is an important factor in anthropology, and there are thin-lip types (European type) and thick-lip types (African type), and a thick, turned-up lower lip is a characteristic of black people. In addition, the shape, color, and luster of the lips are important points when describing a person.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

[Reference] | Oral cavity

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

解剖学名では口唇(こうしん)といい、クチビルと書く。とくに哺乳(ほにゅう)動物において発達した筋肉性のひだで、上唇(ウワクチビル)と下唇(シタクチビル)が上下にあって、水平な口裂を囲んでいる。口裂の両端外側を口角とよび、ここで上唇と下唇が連絡するが、この部分を唇交連という。口唇の外面は顔面の皮膚と同じ構造で、口腔(こうくう)に面した内面は口腔粘膜で覆われている。口唇で赤く見える部分は皮膚と口腔粘膜の移行部で、口唇縁とか赤唇縁(唇紅(しんこう))といい、ヒトの特徴となっている。皮膚と粘膜との間には、口輪筋とよばれる筋を中心として、血管、神経、粗い結合組織、脂肪組織などが存在し、皮膚側には毛、脂腺(しせん)、汗腺など、粘膜側には数多くの口唇腺がある。口唇腺は粘液(粘性のある液)と漿液(しょうえき)(塩類、タンパク質、および酵素を含む水分の多い液)とを混合分泌する唾液(だえき)腺の一種である。口唇縁は表皮層が厚く発達し、角化現象が少なく、また、表皮層下には毛細血管が豊富に入り込んでいるため、赤く見える。新生児では口唇縁の内側表皮が肥厚し、毛に付随しない脂腺が多数存在しているが、こうした構造は乳を吸うのに役だつものと思われる。口輪筋は口裂を取り囲み、口裂を閉じる括約筋の働きをしている。口唇を前方に突き出したり、口をすぼめたり、口笛を吹いたりするときにこの筋が働く。口裂が開くのは、口唇周囲で放射状に走る多くの拡張筋によっている。これらの括約筋、拡張筋の活動によって口唇が動かされ、さまざまな表情の表現が可能となるわけである。口唇には、三叉(さんさ)神経(第5脳神経)の枝が分布し、その知覚性終末が多数存在するので、口唇はきわめて敏感であり、一種の性感帯ともなっている。上唇の正中部には鼻中隔から浅い溝が下行するが、これを人中(じんちゅう)という。上唇と頬(ほお)との間には鼻翼外側から唇交連に達する鼻唇溝がある。一般にクチビルとよぶ場合は、赤唇縁をさすが、解剖学上は鼻唇溝より内側の部分を広く口唇としている。いわゆるクチビル(赤唇縁)の形態は人類学的にも重要な因子で、たとえば薄唇型(ヨーロッパ型)、厚唇型(アフリカ型)などがあり、下唇がめくれたように厚いのは黒色人種の特徴である。このほか、クチビルの形、色、つやなどは人の描写部分として重要なポイントとなる。

[嶋井和世]

[参照項目] | 口腔

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Lipstick - Lipstick

>>:  Beak - beak (English spelling)

Recommend

North Pillow - Kitamakura

〘Noun〙① Sleeping with one's pillow facing nort...

The Realm of Hungry Ghosts

〘Noun〙 A Buddhist term. One of the five or six pat...

繧繝文 - Ungenmon

…(10) Hakogata pattern: A pattern similar to the ...

Father and Son - Chichitoko (English spelling) Ottsï i deti

A full-length novel by Russian author Turgenev, p...

Estonian Academic Society - Estonian Academic Society

…After the Treaty of Nystad made Estonia a Russia...

Anne of Austria

Date of birth: September 22, 1601 Queen of France ...

Emperor Saga

Year of death: July 15, 842 (August 24, 842) Year ...

Conyza bonariensis (English spelling) Conyzabonariensis

…[Hiroji Koyama]. . … *Some of the terminology th...

Phoeniculus bollei (English spelling)

...The bill is long and slender, and in all but o...

Yazhou

…In the 2nd century B.C., during the Han dynasty,...

Wen-zhong-zi (English spelling)

It is said to be the work of the Confucian scholar...

Inukaramatsu - Inukaramatsu

... The Larix genus (larch) is distributed in the...

Awamuyoran - Awamuyoran

... Lecanorchis is considered a relatively primit...

Accounting chief

One of the positions within the Edo Shogunate'...

Owl sign - Kyouji

〘 noun 〙 To put one's head on public display. ...