Idol worship - idol worship

Japanese: 偶像崇拝 - ぐうぞうすうはい
Idol worship - idol worship

Material objects are objects of worship because they represent or possess the power of supernatural beings such as gods, ancestors, or spirits of the dead. Idols are natural objects such as wood, stone, and bones that are processed to resemble or represent the shape of a supernatural being. Examples include human-shaped statues of gods and ancestors found in most ethnic groups and cultures, animal-shaped statues such as ancient Peruvian jaguar sculptures, objects of worship that are the body or clothing of saints or ancestors, as is evident in the cult of holy relics in Catholic society, and even objects that are not the actual shape of a supernatural being but are culturally determined to represent it, such as mirrors and swords that are used as sacred objects or substitutes in Japanese shrines. Even in Islam, which is said to completely reject idol worship, the printed or written words of the chanted verses of the Koran are considered sacred, and this can also be considered a form of idol worship.

In the relationship between idols and supernatural beings, there are cases where idols are theoretically considered to be merely indicators of supernatural beings and have no supernatural power, such as the Catholic cross, but there are also cases where the distinction between the two is clearly recognized and idols are believed to be inhabited by supernatural beings and to have power. For example, in Melanesia, before a festival, a wooden statue called a malangan is made, and it is believed that the ancestors' spirits reside in it throughout the festival. In addition, idols, which are supposed to be a medium for connecting with supernatural beings, are sometimes worshipped as having supernatural powers in themselves. In fact, the relationship between idols and supernatural beings tends to be continuous in the minds of worshipers, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between them. Higher religions that claim a direct relationship with God point out this point in particular and despise idol worship as a degeneration of true faith. Even in Buddhism, which has created so many Buddha statues, it is said that a painted image is better than a wooden statue to represent the Buddha, and that the name of the Buddha is better than a painted image, and it preaches the dangers of idol worship.

In terms of religious history, the view of idolatry has long been negative, especially in Europe, and it has often been synonymous with heresy or paganism. The iconoclasm decree of the Byzantine Emperor Leo III in the 8th century and the split of the Eastern and Western Churches, as well as the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, can be said to be, in a sense, debates on the propriety of idolatry within the Christian world. Idolatry was strongly considered to be a low-level and primitive faith that should be excluded from Christianity, which is a higher religion. Religions of other ethnic groups, in which idolatry is prominent, were considered underdeveloped, and an evolutionary theory of religious morphology was developed. However, despite these arguments, it cannot be denied that idolatry exists in Europe as well. Catholic culture has produced statues of Christ, Mary, and crosses, especially since the 4th century, and faith in these remains strong to this day.

As for the evolutionary theory of religious morphology, anthropologists and folklorists such as E. B. Tylor have conducted a series of surveys and comparative studies of the religions of various ethnic groups, which have revealed that idol worship does not correspond to the stage of cultural development and exists in many ethnic groups. It is not often seen in societies with extremely underdeveloped cultures and a lack of materials suitable for making idols, such as the Australian Aborigines, but it has been pointed out that idol worship becomes more prevalent as civilization becomes more advanced, leading to the creation of more detailed idols.

Today, idolatry, like similar concepts such as fetishism, is studied not as a stage in the development of religion, but as a religious form which forms part of the religious system of a particular people.

[Taeko Udagawa]

[References] | Iconoclasm | Fetishism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物質的なものが、神、祖霊、死霊などの超自然的存在の力を表象しているか、それを有しているとして、崇拝の対象にすること。偶像は、木、石、骨などの自然物を超自然的存在の形に似せて、あるいはそれを指標する形に加工されたもので、その実例としては、ほとんどの民族・文化にみられる人間形態の神像、祖先像や、古代ペルーのジャガーの彫刻などの動物形態のもの、カトリック社会の聖遺物崇拝に顕著にみられるように聖人や祖先の身体、衣服の一部を崇拝対象にしているもの、さらには、日本の神社の御神体や依代(よりしろ)である鏡や刀剣などのように、超自然的存在の形そのものではないがその表徴として文化的に規定されている形のものなど多様である。また、偶像崇拝をいっさい認めないといわれるイスラム教においても、印刷されたり筆記されたコーランの唱句の文字を神聖視するという事実があり、これも偶像崇拝の一変形と考えることもできる。

 ところで、偶像と超自然的存在の関係は、カトリックにおける十字架のように、偶像が超自然的存在の指標にすぎず、超自然的力をもたないと理論的に考えられている場合のほかに、両者の区別が明確に意識されながらも偶像に超自然的存在が宿り力をもつと信じられている場合がある。たとえば、メラネシアでは祭礼の前にマランガンとよばれる木彫の像がつくられ、祭りの間じゅう、そこに祖霊が宿ると考えられている。また、超自然的存在との媒介であるはずの偶像が、それ自体に超自然的力が備わっているとして崇拝対象になってしまう場合もある。実際、偶像と超自然的存在の関係は崇拝者の心理のなかで連続しやすく、その区別を明確にすることはむずかしい。神との直接的関係を主張する高等宗教は、とくにこの点をさして、偶像崇拝は真の信仰の退化であると蔑視(べっし)する。仏像をあれほど多く創出した仏教でも、仏を表現するには木像よりも絵像、絵像よりも名号(みょうごう)がよいといわれ、偶像崇拝の危険性を説いている。

 さて、宗教史的に、偶像崇拝に対する考え方はヨーロッパを中心に長い間否定的で、それはしばしば邪教・異教と同義であった。8世紀のビザンティン皇帝レオン3世による偶像破壊(イコノクラスム)令と東西教会の分裂や、16世紀の宗教改革は、ある意味でキリスト教圏内での偶像崇拝の可否をめぐる論議といえる。偶像崇拝は低級かつ原始的な信仰として、高等宗教であるキリスト教からは排除すべきものと強く考えられてきたのである。そして偶像崇拝が顕著な他民族の宗教を未発達なものとみなし、進化論的な宗教形態論が展開されてきた。しかしながらこれらの議論にもかかわらず、ヨーロッパにおいても偶像崇拝の土壌は否定できない。カトリック文化は、とくに4世紀ごろからキリスト像、マリア像や十字架などをつくりだしてきており、それに対する信奉は現在でも根強く続いている。

 また、進化論的な宗教形態論に対しても、E・B・タイラーをはじめとした人類学者、民俗学者による諸民族の宗教の調査と比較研究が積み重ねられた結果、偶像崇拝は文化の発展段階とは一致せず、多くの民族に存在することが明らかになった。オーストラリア先住民などのように文化がきわめて未発達で、偶像作製に適する物質にも乏しい社会ではあまりみられないが、むしろ、文明が高度化するとともに盛んになり、精細な偶像をつくるようになることも指摘された。

 現在、偶像崇拝はフェティシズム(呪物(じゅぶつ)崇拝)などの近似概念と同様に、宗教の発展の一段階としてではなく、ある民族の宗教体系の一部を構成する宗教形態として研究されている。

[宇田川妙子]

[参照項目] | イコノクラスム | フェティシズム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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