An attack on a military or non-military target from the air. There is no exact definition of an air raid, but it generally refers to an attack by aircraft or aircraft-type missiles against primarily fixed targets (including ships at anchor and aircraft on the ground). Attacks against front-line troops or fleets at sea during combat are called aerial attacks rather than air raids. During World War I, Zeppelin airships bombed London, but their scale and effectiveness were small. Air raids were not conducted immediately after the appearance of aircraft, and initially only played a secondary role in supporting the operations of the army and navy, which were the main forces in battle. Air raids (strategic bombing), which use air power to destroy the enemy's military and military infrastructure and to make them lose their will to resist, began to be emphasized after the rapid progress of aircraft, especially the remarkable qualitative and quantitative development of aircraft production during World War II, made it possible to directly attack strategic bases, military facilities, and munitions industrial facilities of distant enemy countries. Thus, large-scale air raids were conducted on both sides during World War II, but they were far greater than expected before the war in terms of both scale and damage. Strategic bombing began in earnest with the bombing of Germany, which began with the bombing of Lübeck in March 1942 in retaliation for the German air raids on London. Of the total of 2.7 million tons of bombs dropped by the Allied forces in the European theater, approximately 1.42 million tons were dropped on Germany. 95% of these were dropped in the three years from 1943 to 1945. This method of war against Germany was applied to the war against Japan with the bombing of the Japanese mainland by B-29s from the Marianas base, which began in November 1944. This culminated in the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1940, Germany first used incendiary bombs in bombing British cities, and it became clear that they were extremely effective. Since then, in air raids (strategic bombing), in addition to high-powered bombing, incendiary bombs have been used vigorously to burn down cities. Incendiary bombs were systematically researched between World War I and World War II, but they were used in large quantities in urban bombing during World War II, causing great damage to German cities and burning down most Japanese cities as well. The ratio of incendiary bombs to the total number of bombs dropped was 49% in Germany and 79.5% in Japan, and they were extremely effective in Japan. Hamburg, which is often compared to Tokyo, was hit by four air raids on July 14, 27, 29, and August 2, 1943, from 2,540 planes and carrying 7,941 tons of bombs and incendiary bombs. 72.9% of all houses were destroyed, 753,300 of the city's total population of 1.76 million people were left homeless, and approximately 100,000 people died. The total amount of bombs (including incendiary bombs) dropped on the Japanese mainland was about 160,800 tons (plus the equivalent of two atomic bombs) in the 15 months from June 1944 to August 1945. The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey report points out four reasons why Japan suffered roughly the same damage as Germany, despite only one-ninth of the amount of bombs dropped on Germany: (1) attacks were concentrated in time and area, (2) targets were vulnerable, (3) defense laws were less effective, and (4) repairs and reconstruction were slower in Japan than in Germany. Air raids on Japan covered 163 cities, large and small, across the country, from Hokkaido to Okinawa. With the exception of a few cities, such as Niigata, Kanazawa, and Nara, all major cities in most prefectures were bombed. The number of casualties from air raids varies depending on the research organization, but the truth is that about 500,000 people died. According to a survey by the Economic Stabilization Headquarters, only 0.5% of the casualties were caused by naval gunfire, while 99.5% were caused by air raids. Of the casualties from air raids, just over 94% were in urban areas, showing how much human damage from air raids was concentrated in urban areas. The prefectures that suffered the most damage were Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Osaka, Hyogo, Aichi, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, which accounted for 86% of the national total. All prefectures except Hiroshima and Nagasaki were industrial areas. Tokyo accounted for 32% of the national total in terms of casualties and injuries, and the damage from the Great Tokyo Air Raid on March 10, 1945 was particularly severe. This was because the United States began blitzkrieg attacks using low-altitude incendiary bombs at night from this day onwards, and was the result of a surprise large-scale incendiary bomb attack, so to speak. [Shigeo Hayashi] "Japan's Air Raids Editorial Committee (ed.), 'Japan's Air Raids,' 10 volumes (1981, Sanseido)" ▽ "Tokyo Great Air Raids and War Damage Journal Editorial Committee (ed.), 'Tokyo Great Air Raids and War Damage Journal,' 5 volumes (1973, Society for Recording Tokyo Air Raids)" ▽ "Yukeisha, editor, 'Documentary: The Great Tokyo Air Raids' (1968)" ▽ "Yokohama Air Raids Record Society (ed.), 'War Damage and Air Raids in Yokohama,' 6 volumes (1977, Yurindo)" [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
空中から軍事目標または非軍事目標を襲撃すること。空襲について確たる定義はないが、一般的には航空機または航空機形式のミサイルによる、主として固定目標(停泊中の艦船、地上にある航空機を含む)に対する攻撃をいう。戦闘中の第一線部隊や洋上にある艦隊に対する攻撃は、空襲とはいわず空中攻撃といわれている。 第一次世界大戦中、ツェッペリン飛行船によるロンドン空襲が行われたが、その規模、効果は小さかった。航空機登場後ただちに空襲が行われたのではなく、当初は、戦闘の主力である陸・海軍の作戦を支援する副次的役割しか果たしていなかった。航空兵力を利用して敵の軍事的・軍需的基盤を壊滅し、抗戦意欲を喪失させようとする空襲(戦略爆撃)が重視されるようになったのは、その後の航空機の急速な進歩、なかでも第二次大戦中の航空機生産の目覚ましい質的・量的発達によって、遠く離れた敵国の戦略拠点、軍事施設や軍需工業施設などを直接攻撃することが可能になってからである。こうして第二次世界大戦では大規模な空襲が互いに行われたが、それは規模の点でも、被害の点でも、大戦前の予想をはるかに上回るものとなった。 戦略爆撃が本格化したのは、ドイツによるロンドン空襲の報復として、1942年3月リューベック市爆撃を皮切りに行われたドイツ本土爆撃からで、連合国軍が欧州戦域で投下した爆弾総量約270万トンのうち、約142万トンがドイツに投下された。その95%は1943年から1945年までの3年間に投下されている。この対独戦の方法を対日戦に適用したのが、1944年11月から開始されたマリアナ基地からのB-29による日本本土爆撃である。そして、その極点が広島・長崎への原爆投下となる。 1940年、ドイツが初めてイギリスの都市爆撃に焼夷弾(しょういだん)攻撃を行い、きわめて有効だということが明らかになって以来、空襲(戦略爆撃)には、高性能爆撃とあわせて焼夷弾を使って都市を焼き払うことが精力的に行われるようになった。焼夷弾は、第一次世界大戦から第二次世界大戦までの間に系統的に研究されていたが、第二次世界大戦を通じて都市爆撃に大量に使われ、ドイツの都市にも大きな被害を与え、日本の都市もほとんど焼き払われた。投下爆弾総量に対する焼夷弾の比率は、ドイツ49%、日本79.5%で、日本では非常に大きな効果をあげた。東京と比較されるハンブルクは1943年7月14日、27日、29日、8月2日の4回の空襲で、2540機、7941トンの爆弾・焼夷弾を受け、全家屋の72.9%が破壊され、総人口176万人のうち75万3300人が家を失い、約10万人が死亡した。 日本本土に対して投下された爆弾(焼夷弾を含む)の総量は、1944年(昭和19)6月から1945年8月までの15か月間に約16万0800トン(ほかに原爆2発分)である。アメリカの戦略爆撃調査団報告書は、ドイツに投下された爆弾量の9分の1にもかかわらず、日本の受けた損害がドイツのそれとだいたい同じであった理由として、日本ではドイツよりも、(1)攻撃が時間的・地域的に集中された、(2)目標が脆弱(ぜいじゃく)であった、(3)防衛法が有効でなかった、(4)修理と再建速度が遅かった、の4点を指摘している。 日本への空襲は北海道から沖縄に至る全国各地の大小163都市に及び、新潟、金沢、奈良などの少数を除くと、ほとんどの都道府県のめぼしい都市がすべて爆撃を受けている。空襲による人的被害は調査機関によって数字が異なるが、死者は約50万人が真実に近いとされている。経済安定本部調査によると、死傷者のうち艦砲射撃によるものはわずか0.5%にすぎず、99.5%は空襲によるものである。空襲による死傷者のうち、都市部の比率は94%強で、空襲による人的被害がいかに都市部に集中していたかを示している。被害の大きかった都道府県は東京、広島、長崎、大阪、兵庫、愛知、神奈川、静岡の8都府県で、これだけで全国の86%を占めている。広島、長崎以外は工業地帯を抱える地域である。東京は負傷者・死者とも全国の32%であり、なかでも1945年3月10日の東京大空襲による被害は甚大であった。これは、この日からアメリカが夜間低高度の焼夷弾による電撃攻撃を開始したためで、いわば大規模焼夷弾攻撃の奇襲の結果生じたのであった。 [林 茂夫] 『日本の空襲編集委員会編『日本の空襲』全10巻(1981・三省堂)』▽『東京大空襲・戦災誌編集委員会編『東京大空襲・戦災誌』全5巻(1973・東京空襲を記録する会)』▽『雄鶏社編・刊『ドキュメント 東京大空襲』(1968)』▽『横浜の空襲を記録する会編『横浜の戦災と空襲』全6巻(1977・有隣堂)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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