Guild Socialism (English spelling)

Japanese: ギルド社会主義 - ぎるどしゃかいしゅぎ(英語表記)Guild Socialism 英語
Guild Socialism (English spelling)

A socialist ideology that developed in the UK between 1913 and 1925. The formation of this ideology was influenced by the social romanticism of J. Ruskin and W. Morris, who idealized a medieval idyllic society and criticized industrial civilization and capitalism, the denial of state sovereignty of J.N. Figgis, who demanded that churches and trade unions be recognized as legal persons with the same status as the state, French syndicalism, and Marxism. The parliamentary activities of the Labour Party, which was established in 1906, did not achieve the results expected, and the Trades Union Congress, the parent organization of the party, tried to suppress the demands of general members and lower-level individual unions, such as refraining from strikes around the time of World War I. In response to this, some individual unions and shop stewards (unofficial shop stewards) supported guild socialism, which became very influential for a time.

Its theoretical representative was G.D.H. Kohl. It criticized Fabianism, recognized class struggle as a given fact, and demanded the abolition of the wage system, the reorganization of the structure of labor unions from functional to industrial, and the recovery of industrial control from capitalists who had lost their productive function due to industrial unions. It also advocated the overcoming of the existing class state through autonomous organizations (guilds) organized by profession, i.e., a national commune reorganized on the basis of pluralistic functional groups such as labor unions, consumer unions, and churches. In this regard, it differed from syndicalism in that it recognized not only labor unions as producer guilds, but also other guilds as basic components of society, and recognized the functions of the state, i.e. the national commune, such as coordination between guilds, maintenance of order, fiscal and monetary policy, defense, and diplomacy. This guild socialism lost its significance during the period of stability after World War I, but the idea of ​​industrial autonomy for workers as producers influenced the German codetermination law and the French Socialist Party's theory of workers' self-management.

[An Seshu]

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Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1913年から25年の間にイギリスで展開された社会主義思想の一つ。この思想の形成には、中世の牧歌的社会を理想として工業文明や資本主義を批判するJ・ラスキンとW・モリスの社会的ロマン主義や、教会や労働組合を国家と同格の法人格として認めることを要求するJ・N・フィッギスの国家主権否認論や、フランスのサンジカリズム、そしてマルクス主義の影響がみられる。1906年成立した労働党の議会活動が期待したほどの成果をあげず、そのうえに、同党の母体をなす労働組合会議が第一次世界大戦前後にかけてストライキを自制するなど一般組合員や下部単産組合の要求を抑える動きをしたのに反発した一部単産組合やショップ・スチュワード(非公認職場委員)の間にギルド社会主義を支持するものが現れて、それは一時期大きな影響力をもつに至った。

 その理論的代表者はG・D・H・コールである。それは、フェビアニズムを批判し、階級闘争を所与の事実として認め、賃金制度の廃止、労働組合の構造の職能別組織から産業別組織への再編成、産業別組合によって生産機能を失った資本家から産業支配権を取り戻すことを要求した。そしてさらに、自治権をもつ職能別に組織された団体(ギルド)、すなわち労働組合、消費組合、教会などの多元的機能集団を基礎に再編成されたナショナル・コミューンによる、現存の階級国家の克服を主張した。その際、サンジカリズムと異なる点は、生産者ギルドとしての労働組合のみならず、他のギルドも社会の基本的構成要素として承認し、国家、すなわちナショナル・コミューンにも各ギルド間の調整、秩序の維持、財政・通貨政策、防衛、外交などの機能を認めている点である。このギルド社会主義は第一次世界大戦後の安定期にその意義を失ったが、生産者たる労働者の産業自治の思想は、ドイツの共同決定法やフランス社会党の労働者自主管理論などに影響を与えている。

[安 世舟]

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