Fish disease - gyobyo

Japanese: 魚病 - ぎょびょう
Fish disease - gyobyo

Diseases of fish. Caused by infection or parasitism from viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, trematodes, tapeworms, nematodes, hook-headed worms, crustaceans, etc., as well as by deterioration of the habitat and nutritional deficiency.

Viral diseases are broadly divided into two categories, depending on the nucleic acid that makes up the virus, RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). RNA-related diseases include infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in rainbow trout and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in brook trout and rainbow trout, while DNA-related diseases include herpes virus disease in juvenile rainbow trout and kokanee salmon. Treating diseased fish infected with these viruses is extremely difficult. Bacterial diseases include columnaris disease in carp, crucian carp, loach, eel, salmon, and trout caused by gliding bacteria, white cloud disease in carp and goldfish caused by gram-negative aerobic bacteria, vibriosis in eels, sweetfish, salmon, trout, sea bream, and yellowtail caused by gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacteria, hole disease in carp, crucian carp, and goldfish, and standing scale disease in crucian carp and goldfish, and streptococcosis in sweetfish and yellowtail caused by gram-positive bacteria. Bacterial diseases can be prevented and treated with medicine. Mold diseases include wata-kaburi disease in carp, crucian carp, goldfish, sweetfish, salmon, and trout, ichthyophonus disease in sweetfish, salmon, trout, and yellowtail, and dermocystidiosis in carp. Wata-kaburi disease can be prevented and treated with medicine. Protozoan diseases are broadly classified according to the type of animal they infect. Diseases caused by ciliate protozoa include white spot disease in freshwater fish such as carp, goldfish, eels, salmon and trout, white spot disease in saltwater fish such as yellowtail, chilodonellosis in carp, salmon and trout, trichodinosis in carp, goldfish, crucian carp, eels, salmon and trout and pufferfish, and epistylosis in carp. Diseases caused by ciliate protozoa can be prevented and treated with medicine. Diseases caused by myxosporean protozoa include mitrasporosis in goldfish, which is difficult to treat. Diseases caused by microsporidia include gorgiosis in sweetfish and rainbow trout, and Beko disease in eels, and gorgiosis can be treated with medicine. Long-term treatments are required to treat black spot disease in carp, crucian carp, catfish, loach, dace, sweetfish, and icefish caused by trematode parasitism, heartworm disease in carp caused by nematode parasitism, anchor worm disease, butterfly disease (fish lice disease), and butterfly worm disease in freshwater fish caused by crustacean parasitism. Carp back lice disease is equivalent to diabetes caused by malnutrition.

Diagnosis and treatment of fish diseases requires the guidance of an expert. Since it is often difficult to treat fish diseases after they have occurred, it is important to take measures to prevent fish diseases through environmental management and proper feeding. In addition, when raising new fish, it is necessary to take adequate measures to prevent disease.

[Kazumi Hirose]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

魚類の病気。ウイルス、細菌、カビ、原生動物、吸虫、条虫、線虫、鉤頭虫(こうとうちゅう)、甲殻類などの感染や寄生によるほか、生息環境の悪化、栄養の過不足などにより発病する。

 ウイルス病は、ウイルスを構成している核酸のRNA(リボ核酸)とDNA(デオキシリボ核酸)により2大別され、RNAによるものではニジマスの伝染性造血器壊死(えし)症(IHN)、カワマス、ニジマスの伝染性膵臓(すいぞう)壊死症(IPN)、DNAによるものではニジマス、ヒメマス稚魚のヘルペスウイルス病などがあり、これらに感染した病魚の治療は甚だ困難である。細菌性の病気には、滑走細菌類によるコイ、フナ、ドジョウ、ウナギ、サケ・マス類のカラムナリス病、グラム陰性好気性細菌によるコイ、キンギョの白雲(はくうん)症、グラム陰性通性嫌気性細菌によるウナギ、アユ、サケ・マス類、タイ類、ブリのビブリオ病、コイ、フナ、キンギョの穴あき病、フナ、キンギョの立鱗(りつりん)病、グラム陽性細菌によるアユ、ブリの連鎖球菌症などがある。細菌性の病気は薬剤による予防・治療が可能である。カビによる病気には、コイ、フナ、キンギョ、アユ、サケ・マス類のわたかぶり病、アユ、サケ・マス類、ブリのイクチオフォヌス病、コイのデルモシスチジウム病などがある。わたかぶり病については薬剤による予防・治療が可能である。原生動物による病気は、感染動物の種類により大別される。繊毛虫による病気にはコイ、キンギョ、ウナギ、サケ・マス類など淡水魚の白点病、ブリなど海水魚の白点病、コイ、サケ・マス類のキロドネラ症、コイ、キンギョ、フナ、ウナギ、サケ・マス類、フグのトリコディナ症、コイのエピスティリス症などがある。繊毛虫による病気は薬剤による予防・治療が可能である。粘液胞子虫による病気はキンギョのミトラスポラ症などで、治療は困難である。微胞子虫による病気はアユ、ニジマスのグルギア症、ウナギのベコ病などで、グルギア症の治療は薬剤により可能である。吸虫類の寄生によるコイ、フナ、ナマズ、ドジョウ、ウグイ、アユ、シラウオの黒点病、線虫類の寄生によるコイのコイ糸状虫症、甲殻類の寄生による淡水魚のイカリムシ症、チョウ症(ウオジラミ症)、チョウモドキ症などの治療には、長期間の処置が必要となる。コイの背こけ病は栄養不良による糖尿病に相当する。

 魚類の病気の診断・治療には専門家の指導を必要とする。魚病発生後の処置はむずかしいことが多いので、環境管理や適切な給餌(きゅうじ)によって魚病の予防を心がけることがたいせつである。また、新たに魚を飼育する際は十分に防疫を施す必要がある。

[広瀬一美]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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