When a dam is built in the middle of a river, a waterway is built at one end of the dam so that fish can swim upstream or descend. The most common type of fishway is a waterway, which can be either a staircase type with a guide wall or a slope type, both of which look like ladders and are also called fish ladders. There are also waterway types without guide walls, which are primarily intended to allow boats or rafts to descend, and are called boat passes or raft passes. In addition to waterway types, elevator-type fishways are also found in America and Europe. This type involves installing a fish pond container and using power to raise and lower it to guide schools of fish to the appropriate water levels, and is effective for fish that migrate during the spawning season. The route that schools of fish most often take in fishing grounds is also called a fishway. In the ocean, fishways are closely related to the seabed topography as well as the season and sea conditions. Set-net fisheries, which target migratory fish such as yellowtail, sardines, and tuna, use fishways, but in other fisheries as well, it is important to accurately understand fishways in order to improve fishing performance. [Yoshiaki Deguchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
河川の中途にダムをつくるとき、ダムの一端に主として魚類が遡上(そじょう)したり降下できるように設けた水路。魚道の形式は水路式が一般的で、これには導壁のある階段式と斜面式とがあり、両方とも梯子(はしご)のようにみえるので魚梯(ぎょてい)ともいう。導壁のない水路式もあり、これは舟や筏(いかだ)を下らせることを主目的とするもので、舟通し、筏通しなどとよばれている。アメリカやヨーロッパには、水路式のほかにエレベーター式の魚道もある。この形式は、魚溜(うおだま)りの容器を設置し、それを動力で上下させて、それぞれの水位に魚群を導く仕組みであり、産卵期に移動する魚類に有効である。なお、漁場で魚群がもっともよく通過する道筋をも魚道という。海の場合、魚道は海底地形のほか、季節や海況とも深いかかわりがある。回遊魚のブリ、イワシ、マグロなどを漁獲対象とする定置網漁業は魚道を利用するものであるが、ほかの漁業においても、漁獲性能をあげるには魚道を的確に把握することが重要である。 [出口吉昭] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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