Eating together - Kyoshoku

Japanese: 共食 - きょうしょく
Eating together - Kyoshoku

Eating together is a way of expressing community and solidarity within a group. In most societies, meals are usually eaten together within a single social group (usually a family). Eating together also takes on an exclusive aspect, and it is often polite to not visit other people's homes while they are eating. Eating together also expresses the internal cohesion and exclusivity of a group on another level of society. In the Indian caste system, people of different castes do not eat together. On the other hand, even in non-daily situations, eating together connects people and brings about group solidarity. In almost every society, eating together is either associated with various communal events or is carried out independently. In particular, meals that accompany rituals, i.e. festivals, are a place for people to interact and enjoy themselves, and are also important opportunities to express the social relationships and worldview of a society and revitalize it. There, not only people eat together with each other, but also people eat together with divine beings.

In many Japanese festivals, offerings of food and offerings are made to the gods in an attempt to communicate with them, and the following naorai (feast) is a place to eat what God has given to us. In Christian communion, wine and bread are consumed, which represent the blood and flesh of Christ. The idea is that by eating something that has been sacrificed, that is, something divine, one is assimilating into God. Such extraordinary and sacred communal eating is distinguished from everyday life by various signs. It takes place in specific religious buildings or places marked with signs indicating a festival site or banquet hall. It takes place periodically or when certain conditions are met. The food is special and different from the usual. As with rituals, the process begins with formality and progresses to a stage where gluttony and excessive behavior are permitted. There, participants exchange gifts in various forms, and in a state of disorder that is in stark contrast to the everyday world, people open up and communicate with each other psychologically.

[Tamura Katsumi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

食事を共にすることは、集団の共同性・連帯性を表す手段である。日常的な共食は、ほとんどの社会において、一義的な社会集団(多くの場合は家族)の内部で行われる。共食はまた排他的様相を帯び、食事中の他家を訪れないという礼儀がしばしばみられる。共食は、社会の別の次元においても、集団の内部結合と排他性を表す。インドのカースト制度の下では、異なるカーストに属する者は共に食事をしない。他方で、非日常的な場面においても、共食は人と人とを結び付け、集団の連帯をもたらす。およそどの社会にあっても、共食は共同生活の諸行事に付随してもたれ、あるいは独立して行われる。ことに祭儀に伴う共食すなわち祭宴は、人々の交流や楽しみの場であるとともに、その社会の社会関係や世界観を表現し、社会を活性化させる重要な機会である。そこでは、人と人との共食だけでなく、神的存在と人との共食ももたれる。

 日本の多くの祭りにおいて、神饌(しんせん)・神供(しんく)を捧(ささ)げることは、それによって神々との交流を図ろうとするものであり、その後に続く直会(なおらい)(饗宴(きょうえん))は、神から与えられたものを共に食する場である。キリスト教の聖餐(せいさん)は、キリストの血と肉を象徴するぶどう酒とパンを食する。そこでは、犠牲にされたもの、すなわち神的なものを食することにより、神に同化するという考えがみられる。このような非日常的で神聖な共食は、さまざまなしるしによって日常性から一線を画される。行われる場は、特定の宗教上の建物や、祭場・宴会場を意味する標識のつけられた所である。時期は、周期的なものであるか、一定の条件の満たされた場合である。食事も普段と異なった特別な料理である。その過程も、儀礼の場合と同じく、形式性から始まって、飽食と過度の行為の許される局面へと進んでいく。そこにおいて、参加する者の間にさまざまな形の贈与の交換が行われ、日常世界と相反する無秩序の状態のなかで、人々の心理の開放と交流が行われる。

[田村克己]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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