Fortified rice - Kyoukamai

Japanese: 強化米 - きょうかまい
Fortified rice - Kyoukamai

When rice is the staple food, rice with added vitamins, minerals, and amino acids (lysine and threonine) is called fortified rice. Fortification of nutrients has the purpose of supplementing nutrients that tend to be lacking in foods that are habitually consumed, from a national nutritional standpoint. Since Japanese people eat rice as their staple food and take in a lot of carbohydrates, they have had to be careful about consuming vitamin B1 . However, since brown rice contains a lot of vitamin B1 in the germ and bran layer, it is lost during the polishing process, and since vitamin B1 dissolves in water and is unstable to heat, it is lost during the rinsing and cooking of white rice. For this reason, fortifying vitamin B1 became a national issue, and in the 1950s, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (now the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) decided to mix vitamin B1 -fortified rice into rationed rice.

The fortified rice mainly used in Japan is made by soaking white rice in an acidic solution of a water-insoluble vitamin B1 derivative (e.g. DBT = dibenzoylthiamine), absorbing the vitamin B1 , neutralizing it with steam, gelatinizing the surface, and drying it. This is an application of so-called premix and parboiled rice. The fortified rice contains about 1.5 milligrams of vitamin B1 per gram, and is mixed with polished rice at about 1/200th of the weight. To distinguish the rice fortified with vitamin B1 , a very small amount of vitamin B2 is usually added to color it yellow. The classic fortified rice premix is ​​made by spraying nutrients (e.g. B1 , nicotinic acid, iron) onto white rice, drying it, and then covering the outside with a film to prevent it from leaching out during washing. Hoffmann-La Roche was the first to patent this method. Parboiled rice has also been practiced in Southeast Asia for a long time, and was done empirically to prevent the rice from breaking during threshing and to prevent insect damage. In other words, by soaking unhulled rice in water to absorb 30-40% of the water, then heating and drying it, and hardening the surface, some of the vitamins B1 and B2 in the germ and nicotinic acid are transferred to the endosperm, resulting in enriched rice. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) took notice and improved it to produce converted rice.

In addition, artificial rice made from wheat flour and starch has been enriched with nutrients to produce fortified artificial rice. Lysine-enriched rice experimentally used in Thailand was produced using this method.

[Fuwa Eiji]

[References] | Fortified Foods | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | Rice | Artificial rice

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

米を主食とする場合、ビタミン、無機質、アミノ酸(リジンやスレオニン)を添加した米が強化米である。栄養素の強化は、習慣的に摂取している食品に欠乏しがちな栄養素を、国民栄養的立場から補う意味をもっている。日本人は米を主食とし、炭水化物を多く取り入れるので、ビタミンB1の摂取に注意しなければならなかったが、玄米のB1は胚芽(はいが)とぬか層に多いため精白によって失われ、しかもB1は水に溶け熱に不安定であるので白米の淘洗(とうせん)と炊飯の過程で失われる。このためB1の強化が国民的課題となり、厚生省(現、厚生労働省)は昭和30年代、配給米にビタミンB1強化米を混入することに踏み切った。

 日本でおもに用いられている強化米は、水に不溶性のビタミンB1誘導体(たとえばDBT=ジベンゾイルチアミンなど)の酸性溶液に白米を浸漬(しんし)し、B1を吸収させたのち中和蒸気加工し表面を糊化(こか)させ乾燥する。これはいわゆるプレミックスとパーボイルドライスの応用である。前記強化米は1グラム中約1.5ミリグラムのビタミンB1を含み、精白米に200分の1程度混和する。なおB1を強化した米を識別できるよう、普通、ビタミンB2をごく少量加え黄色に着色してある。古典的な強化米プレミックスは、栄養素(たとえばB1、ニコチン酸、鉄)を白米に噴霧し、乾燥後、淘洗の際溶出しないように外を皮膜で覆ったもので、ホフマン・ラ・ロッシュ社が最初に特許をとった。またパーボイルドライスは、東南アジアで古くから行われていたもので、脱穀の際砕米を防ぎ、また虫害を受けないよう経験的に行われていた。すなわち、籾(もみ)米を水に浸漬して水分を30~40%まで吸水させ、加熱乾燥し、表面を糊化硬化させる処理で胚芽のビタミンB1・B2、ニコチン酸などが一部胚乳に移行し、結果として強化米となっていた。国連食糧農業機関(FAO)が着目改良してコンバーテッドライス(改良米)とした。

 さらに、小麦粉およびデンプンを原料とする人造米に、栄養素を加えた強化人造米もつくられている。タイで試験的に用いられたリジン強化米はこの方法によった。

[不破英次]

[参照項目] | 強化食品 | 国連食糧農業機関 | | 人造米

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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