Hills - Cucumber

Japanese: 丘陵 - きゅうりょう
Hills - Cucumber

The land mass of low relief that is lower than the mountains in the region but higher than the plains, and is in a mature dissected state. Some people distinguish between mountains and hills at an elevation of 1,000 feet (about 300 meters), but the Black Hills of South Dakota in the United States and the Nilgiri Hills in India have peaks that exceed 2,000 meters, so hills cannot be clearly defined by elevation.

Hills made of rocks from before the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era are made up of a number of small hills with rounded tops, but they often have a uniform summit height and a flat back when viewed from a distance. It is believed that these hills formed eroded surfaces such as plateaus, peneplains, and foothills at the end of the Tertiary Period or the early Pleistocene (Pleistocene).

Around Japan's plains and basins, there are many dissected hills such as marine, lacustrine, and fluvial terraces and alluvial fans made of Pliocene and lower diluvial deposits.These are finely dissected into valleys with flat valley floors, but the parallel or branching backbones are relatively flat and smooth, and often retain part of the original surface, which is the eroded or deposited surface.

There are many hills in Europe that are made up of old rocks from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. In Russia, the Valdai Hills to the west of Moscow, the Central Russian Hills to the south, the Volga Hills on the right bank of the Volga River, the Donets Hills in eastern Ukraine, and the Bornopod Hills in the southwest, as well as the Moravian Hills in eastern Bohemia in the Czech Republic, and the Cheviot Hills and Cleveland Hills in England are well known. In Japan, some hills in Hokkaido and the Chugoku region are made of old rocks from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, but examples of Neogene formations include the Umaoi Hills (Hokkaido), Sasamori Hills (Akita Prefecture), Boso Hills (Chiba Prefecture), Uonuma Hills (Niigata Prefecture), Higashi Kubiki Hills (Niigata Prefecture), and Hodatsu Hills (Ishikawa Prefecture). Representative hills made of Pliocene diluvial deposits and lower diluvial deposits include the Tama Hills (southern Kanto), Sayama Hills (southwestern Kanto), Oiso Hills (Kanagawa Prefecture), Minakuchi Hills (Shiga Prefecture), Katata Hills (Shiga Prefecture), Senri Hills (Osaka Prefecture), and Hirakata Hills (Osaka Prefecture).

In many places, the hilltops of these hills are used for forests, the hillsides and foothills for farmland, and the valley bottoms for rice paddies. In recent years, hills near cities have been rapidly developed with the construction of large-scale housing and housing complexes, golf courses, amusement parks, universities, and other facilities, which has led to disasters such as river flooding and landslides, making nature conservation an issue.

[Shingo Juen]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

同地域の山地よりは低く平地よりは高くて、開析が進んで壮年期状態にある小起伏の陸地の部分。山地と丘陵を1000フィート(約300メートル)の高度で区別する人もあるが、アメリカのサウス・ダコタ州のブラック丘陵や、インドのニルギリ丘陵には、2000メートルを超える峰があり、高度によって丘陵を明確に定義することはできない。

 新生代第三紀以前の岩石からなる丘陵には、頂部が丸みをもつ多数の小丘の集合となっていても、頂高がよくそろっていて、遠望すると平坦(へいたん)な背面をなすものが多い。これらの丘陵は、第三紀末ないし更新世(洪積世)前期には、台地、準平原、山麓(さんろく)面などの侵食面をなしていたことが推察される。

 日本の平野や盆地の周辺には、鮮新洪積層や下部洪積層からなる、海成、湖成、河成の段丘や扇状地などの開析された丘陵が多く、それらは平らな谷床をもつ谷で細かく開析されているが、並列ないし分岐する脊梁(せきりょう)は比較的平らで凹凸せず、侵食面や堆積(たいせき)面である原面の一部を残存することも多い。

 ヨーロッパには、古生代や中生代の古い岩石からなる丘陵が多い。ロシアではモスクワ西方のバルダイ丘陵、同じく南方の中央ロシア丘陵、ボルガ川右岸のボルガ丘陵、ウクライナ東部のドネツ丘陵、同じく南西部のボルノポドル丘陵などが知られ、またチェコのボヘミア東部のモラビア丘陵、イギリスのチェビオット丘陵、クリーブランド丘陵が著名である。日本では、北海道や中国地方の丘陵に、古生代や中生代の古い岩石からなるものがあるが、新第三紀層からなるものとしては馬追(うまおい)丘陵(北海道)、笹森(ささもり)丘陵(秋田県)、房総丘陵(千葉県)、魚沼(うおぬま)丘陵(新潟県)、東頸城(くびき)丘陵(新潟県)、宝達(ほうだつ)丘陵(石川県)などが知られ、また、鮮新洪積層や下部洪積層からなるものとしては多摩丘陵(関東南部)、狭山(さやま)丘陵(関東南西部)、大磯(おおいそ)丘陵(神奈川県)、水口(みなくち)丘陵(滋賀県)、堅田(かたた)丘陵(滋賀県)、千里(せんり)丘陵(大阪府)、枚方(ひらかた)丘陵(大阪府)などが代表的丘陵である。

 これらの丘陵の丘頂付近は山林、丘腹や丘麓は耕地、谷底は水田に利用されている所が多い。近年、都市付近の丘陵は大規模な宅地や団地の造成、ゴルフ場、遊園地、大学などの建設で開発が著しく、河川の氾濫(はんらん)や地すべりなどの災害が発生して、自然保護が問題になっている。

[壽圓晋吾]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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