Political science - cucumber science

Japanese: 窮理学 - きゅうりがく
Political science - cucumber science

It was the name of an academic field used from the Edo period to the early Meiji period, and was used to mean both physics and philosophy. In the Book of Changes, the phrase "to pursue the truth and reach the fullest extent of nature" appears, and in Neo-Confucianism, it was used as a concept to express its essence, and the words "Kakubutsuchi" and "Kakubutsu Kyouri" were used. After the rise of Dutch studies in the mid-Edo period, the idea of ​​pursuing the truth of things came to mean the exploration of nature, and Miura Baien introduced it as "Western studies are ultimately the study of the pursuit of truth," Motoki Ryoei called it "Taiyo Kyouri" in his astronomy texts, and Maeno Ryotaku translated the Dutch word naturkunde as "the study of the original nature of the pursuit of truth." In the Meiji period, many educational books on science and technology bearing the name Kyuri were published, including Fukuzawa Yukichi's Kinmō Kyuri Zukai (1868). Until 1877 (Meiji 10), Daigaku Nanko used the name Kyurigaku for today's physics. Also, when philosophy was tentatively translated as "tetsugaku," Nishi Amane used the words "rigaku" and "kyurigaku" as synonymous translations of philosophy.

[Kazuo Katagiri]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

江戸時代から明治初期にかけて使用された学問名称で、物理学の意にも哲学の意にも用いられた。『易経(えききょう)』説卦(せっか)伝に「理を窮(きわ)め性を尽(つく)す」とみえ、朱子学においてはその本質を表す概念として用いられ、「格物致知(かくぶつちち)」「格物窮理」の語が使用された。江戸中期の蘭学勃興(らんがくぼっこう)以降、事物についてその理を窮めるという考えが自然探究の意に用いられるようになり、三浦梅園(ばいえん)は「西洋ノ学畢竟(ひっきょう)窮理ノ学ナリ」と紹介し、本木良永(もときりょうえい)は彼の天文書のなかで「太陽窮理」といい、前野良沢(りょうたく)はオランダ語のナチュールキュンデnatuurkundeを「窮理本然之学」と訳した。明治になると福沢諭吉の『訓蒙(きんもう)窮理図解』(1868)をはじめ窮理の名を冠した科学・技術関係の啓蒙(けいもう)書が多数刊行された。大学南校では1877年(明治10)まで、今日の物理学に窮理学の名称を使用した。またフィロソフィーphilosophyを「哲学」と試訳していたころ、西周(にしあまね)は「理学」「窮理学」の語を哲学と同意の訳語として使用した。

[片桐一男]

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