Sphere - Kyu (English spelling)

Japanese: 球 - きゅう(英語表記)sphere
Sphere - Kyu (English spelling)

A set of all points in space that are a certain distance from another point is called a sphere or spherical surface, and a solid body enclosed by a sphere is called a sphere. For a sphere obtained as a set of all points that are at a distance r from point A, A is called its center and r is called its radius. The two points where a line passing through the center of a sphere intersects with the sphere are called antipodes (or diametric antipodes), and the line segment with both ends at the antipodes (or its length, i.e. twice the radius) is called the diameter of the sphere. The line of intersection between a plane that passes through the center of a sphere and the sphere is called the great circle of the sphere, and the line of intersection between a plane that does not pass through the center and the sphere is called a small circle. The shortest line connecting two points on a sphere is part of a great circle.

If (x, y, z) are Cartesian coordinates, the equation of a sphere with center at (a, b, c) and radius r is (x-a) 2 +(y-b) 2 +(z-c) 2 =r 2
The sphere enclosed by this sphere satisfies the inequality (x-a) 2 +(y-b) 2 +(z-c) 2 ≦r 2
The surface area of ​​a sphere of radius r is 4πr2 , and the volume of a sphere of radius r is (4/3) πr3 . The surface area of ​​a sphere of radius r is equal to the lateral area of ​​the right circular cylinder that circumscribes it (see (1) in the figure ). The area of ​​the part of a sphere of radius r cut out by parallel planes spaced apart by d (see (2) in the figure ) is 2πrd (determined only by the distance d, regardless of the position of the parallel planes).

Incidentally, elementary school textbooks say that "a figure that looks round from any angle is called a sphere." To state this more precisely, it would be "for any point P that is not on a curved surface S, if the set of all the straight lines connecting P and points on S form a cone with P as its apex, then S is called a sphere." This is the natural definition of a sphere. In contrast, the logical definition is "a sphere is the set of all points in space that are a certain distance from one point." These two definitions are equivalent, but the proof is not easy.

[Koichi Ogiue]

Ball (figure)
©Shogakukan ">

Ball (figure)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

空間において1点から一定の距離にある点全体の集合を球または球面といい、球によって囲まれる立体を球体という。点Aからの距離がrである点全体の集合として得られる球に対して、Aをその中心、rをその半径という。球の中心を通る直線と球とが交わる2点を対心点(または直径対点)といい、対心点を両端とする線分(またはその長さ、すなわち半径の2倍)をその球の直径という。球の中心を通る平面と球との交線を、その球の大円といい、中心を通らない平面と球との交線を小円という。球上の2点を結ぶ最短線は大円の一部である。

 (x, y, z)を直交座標とするとき、中心が(a, b, c)で半径がrの球の方程式は
  (x-a)2+(y-b)2+(z-c)2=r2
であり、この球によって囲まれる球体は不等式
  (x-a)2+(y-b)2+(z-c)2≦r2
を満たす。半径rの球の表面積は4πr2であり、半径rの球体の体積は(4/3)πr3である。半径rの球の表面積はそれに外接する直円柱の側面積に等しい(の(1))。また半径rの球から間隔dの平行平面で切り取られる部分(の(2))の面積は2πrdである(平行平面の位置に関係なくその間隔だけで決まる)。

 なお、小学校の教科書には「どこから見ても丸く見える図形を球という」と書かれている。これを厳密に述べれば「曲面S上にない任意の点Pについて、PとS上の点とを結ぶ直線全体の集合がPを頂点とする円錐(えんすい)をなすときSを球という」となる。これが球の自然な定義である。これに対して「空間において1点から一定の距離にある点全体の集合を球という」は論理的な定義である。この二つの定義は同値であるが、その証明はやさしくはない。

[荻上紘一]

球〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

球〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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