The energy of a quantum mechanical system, a system of particles and fields that make up atoms and atomic nuclei, can take on various values, and the lowest energy state of the system is called the ground state. A state of energy higher than the ground state is called an excited state. Mechanical systems such as atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, and elementary particles follow quantum mechanics, and there is a lower limit to their energy values. In contrast, many mechanical systems that exhibit macroscopic movement (classical mechanical movement) can take on any low energy value. In the oscillation of a pendulum, there is a state of minimum energy, i.e., a state of rest, but this does not have much meaning as a state of movement. For this reason, the lowest energy state in a mechanical system that moves according to quantum mechanics is usually called the ground state. There may be multiple lowest energy states, and these states may have different values for other physical quantities, such as angular momentum. In this case, the mechanical system has multiple ground states. The ground state is a stable state. For example, the ground state of the deuteron, an atomic nucleus consisting of a neutron and a proton, has an energy about 22 million electron volts lower than when these two nucleons exist separately, and there are three states with different directions of angular momentum. In contrast, an atom that contains a μ (mu) meson instead of an electron exists as a similar atom until these mesons decay and are absorbed. Therefore, in this case, the time that the ground state exists stably is finite. [Hajime Tanaka] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原子や原子核などを構成する粒子や場のシステム(系)、すなわち量子力学系のエネルギーはさまざまな値をとるが、このうちエネルギー値のいちばん低い状態をその力学系の基底状態という。基底状態より高いエネルギーの状態は励起状態という。 原子、分子、原子核、素粒子などの力学系は量子力学に従っており、そのエネルギー値には下限がある。これに対してマクロの運動(古典力学的運動)をしている力学系の多くは、どのような低いエネルギー値をもとることができる。振り子の振動ではエネルギー最小の状態すなわち静止の状態があるが、運動状態としてあまり意味をもっていない。このため、量子力学に従って運動する力学系の場合のエネルギー最低の状態を、基底状態とよぶのが普通である。エネルギーが最低の状態が複数個あって、これらの状態が他の物理量、たとえば角運動量の値を異にすることがある。この場合力学系は複数の基底状態を有している。 基底状態は状態として安定である。たとえば、中性子と陽子で構成されている原子核重陽子の基底状態は、これらの2個の核子が離れて存在するときよりも約2200万電子ボルト低いエネルギーをもち、角運動量の向きが異なる三つの状態がある。これに対し、電子のかわりにμ(ミュー)中間子の入った原子は、これらの中間子が崩壊吸収されるまでの間、類似原子として存在する。したがって、この場合基底状態が安定に存在する時間は有限である。 [田中 一] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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