The metabolism during waking and complete rest (basal metabolic state) refers to the amount of energy (calories) consumed by an individual at that time. It is synonymous with basal energy expenditure (BEE). The body requires energy to maintain normal functions and physical activity, as well as for growth and repair of damaged tissues. Energy is provided by the oxidation of dietary proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and alcohol. 1 gram of protein and carbohydrates provides 4 kcal, 9 kcal from fat, and 7 kcal from alcohol. In healthy adults, energy expenditure is determined primarily by three factors: (1) BEE, (2) thermic effect of food (TEF), and (3) physical activity. The conditions for measuring basal metabolic rate are that at least 12 hours have passed since a meal, that you have had enough sleep, that you have not been under heavy mental or physical stress since waking up, that you have been lying down for 30 minutes prior to the measurement, and that the room temperature when the measurement is taken is between 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. The metabolism of an organism refers to all chemical reactions in all cells of an individual, i.e., material metabolism and energy metabolism, and the metabolic rate refers to the total amount of heat released by all chemical reactions within a certain period of time. The basal metabolic rate is usually calculated from the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide emitted by breathing. Basal metabolic rate [kcal] = 3.941 x oxygen consumption [L] Basal metabolic rate varies depending on body surface area, age, and sex, so standard values are set according to age and sex. The ratio of the actual value to the standard value, that is, the deviation, is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). A deviation of less than 10% is considered normal. In other words, although there are individual differences in BMR, when measured in a group of people of the same age, weight, and sex, 85% of normal people are within 10% of the average. Therefore, measuring the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is an effective method for indicating an individual's metabolic rate. It is also known that the change in the same adult does not exceed 5-10%. A change of 10% or more is called an increased basal metabolism, and a change of 10% or less is called a decreased basal metabolism. Thyroxine, caffeine, and adrenaline increase basal metabolism, while morphine, barbiturate, and iodine decrease it. Diseases that increase levels include hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, or adrenal gland, as well as essential hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, leukemia, polycythemia, and feverish diseases, while diseases that decrease levels include hypothyroidism such as myxedema, hypopituitarism such as Simmons' disease, hypoadrenalism such as Addison's disease, as well as malnutrition due to diabetes, severe anemia, autonomic nervous system disorders, and schizophrenia (psychotic disorders). On the other hand, hypothermia reduces a patient's basal metabolic rate, so this is sometimes used during surgery, such as in brain surgery. From a nutritional perspective, the basal metabolic rate is calculated as the daily amount, which is the basis for calculating the energy requirement. According to the nutritional requirements of Japanese people published by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Dietary Reference Intakes 2010), the basal metabolic rate is calculated as the basal metabolic rate standard value (kcal/kg body weight/day) x basal body weight (kg). [Teruyoshi Arima, Taro Arima, and Tamiyo Takeuchi] [Reference] | | |©Shogakukan "> Japanese basal metabolism (standard value) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
目を覚ました状態で絶対安静を保っているとき(基礎代謝状態)の代謝をいい、そのときに個体が消費するエネルギー量(熱量)を基礎代謝量という。基礎エネルギー消費basal energy expenditure(BEE)と同義である。体は、正常な機能と身体的活動を維持するため、また、成長および障害を受けた組織の修復のためにエネルギーを必要としている。エネルギーは食物中のタンパク質、脂肪、炭水化物およびアルコールの酸化によって供給されている。1グラムのタンパク質と炭水化物から4キロカロリー、脂肪から9キロカロリー、そしてアルコールから7キロカロリーが供給される。健康な大人では、エネルギー消費は主として三つの因子(1)BEE、(2)食事の熱効果thermic effect of food(TEF)、(3)肉体的活動physical activityで決定される。 基礎代謝量を測定するときの条件としては、少なくとも食後12時間経過していること、十分な睡眠がとれていること、起床後、精神的にも肉体的にも強い負荷がかかっていないこと、測定前30分間は横臥(おうが)していること、測定時の室温が15~25℃であること、が必要である。 生体の代謝とは、個体の全細胞におけるすべての化学反応、すなわち物質代謝とエネルギー代謝をさし、代謝量とは一定時間内に全化学反応によって遊離される総熱量をいうが、基礎代謝量は通常、呼吸による酸素消費量と二酸化炭素排出量から計算される。 基礎代謝量〔kcal〕=3.941×酸素消費量〔L〕 なお、基礎代謝量は体表面積、年齢、性別によって異なるので、年齢と性に応じた標準値が決められており、実測値のその標準値に対する比率、つまり偏差を基礎代謝率basal metabolic rate(BMR)という。10%以内の偏差は正常とされる。すなわち、BMRには個体差があるが、年齢、体重、性が同じグループで測定すると、正常人の85%は平均値の10%の誤差のなかにある。したがって、基礎代謝率(BMR)の測定は、個体の代謝量を示すための有効な方法である。また、同一成人でのその変化は5~10%を超えないこともわかっている。プラス10%以上の場合を基礎代謝亢進(こうしん)、マイナス10%以下を基礎代謝低下という。チロキシン、カフェイン、アドレナリンは基礎代謝を亢進させ、モルヒネ、バルビタール、ヨウ素は低下させる。また、亢進させる病気には、甲状腺・下垂体・副腎の各機能亢進症をはじめ、本態性高血圧症、心不全、腎不全、白血病、多血症、発熱病があり、低下させる病気には、粘液水腫(すいしゅ)などの甲状腺機能低下症、シモンズ病などの下垂体機能低下症、アジソン病などの副腎機能低下症のほか、糖尿病などによる低栄養状態をはじめ、重症貧血、自律神経失調症、統合失調症(精神分裂病)などがある。 一方、患者を低体温にすれば基礎代謝量も少なくてすむので、脳外科などでは手術に利用することがある。 栄養面からみると基礎代謝は、エネルギー所要量算定の基本としてその1日量が算出されている。厚生労働省から発表されている日本人の栄養所要量(「食事摂取基準」2010年)によると基礎代謝量は、基礎代謝基準値(kcal/kg体重/日)×基礎体重(kg)として算定する。 [有馬暉勝・有馬太郎・竹内多美代] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> 日本人の基礎代謝(基準値) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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