Land readjustment - Kukakusei-ri

Japanese: 区画整理 - くかくせいり
Land readjustment - Kukakusei-ri

There are two types of land readjustment: land readjustment based on the Land Readjustment Act (land readjustment) and land readjustment based on the Land Improvement Act (field improvement). Land readjustment is a type of urban development project, and in accordance with the Land Readjustment Act enacted in 1954 (Showa 29), it is a project to create good urban areas by changing the conditions of land parcel boundaries and building or modifying public facilities within urban planning areas, with the two objectives of increasing residential land use and improving the development of public facilities. As of March 31, 2001 (Heisei 13), the urban areas that have been created through this project since the Meiji era, including areas under construction, cover an area of ​​388,000 hectares, accounting for about one-third of Japan's DID areas (built-up areas), and playing an important role in the formation of Japanese urban areas.

Land readjustment is defined in Article 2 of the Land Readjustment Act as "a project to change the land parcel characteristics and to establish or modify public facilities for the purpose of improving and developing public facilities and promoting the use of residential land on land within city planning areas." Article 1 of the same act also states its purpose as "to promote the development of healthy urban areas, thereby contributing to the public welfare."

"Development of healthy urban areas" means developing urban areas that combine safety, comfort, convenience, etc.

The land readjustment system can be summed up as "a project in which landowners within a certain area of ​​urban areas that require development provide land little by little (genbu) according to the area and location of their land, which is then used for public facility land for roads, parks, waterways, etc. (public genbu) and reserved land (reserved genbu) which is sold to cover part of the project costs, and which is then developed to increase the utility value of the remaining land (residential land), resulting in a healthy urban area." Within this system, the land for public facilities provided little by little by landowners is placed in the required location, and the residential land is relocated (exchanged) to match the public facilities. This method is called the "exchange land method."

In principle, the exchange land is set to correspond to the housing lots before the urban development (principle of correspondence), but some disparity is unavoidable due to technical reasons. For this reason, the disparity between the exchange land is adjusted in money (settlement payment) according to its value.

Land readjustment began in Germany in the 19th century, and by the beginning of the 20th century it had become widespread in all German cities. In Japan, the City and Ward Reform Ordinance was enacted in Tokyo in 1889 (Meiji 22), and land readjustment began. In 1897, the "Matters Pertaining to Land Improvement" was published, allowing land improvement to be carried out, but in 1909 (Meiji 42), the "Matters Pertaining to Land Improvement" was abolished by the amendment of the Arable Land Readjustment Law, and land readjustment was closed. In 1919 (Taisho 8), the City Planning Law was enacted, and land readjustment became possible in city planning areas by applying the Arable Land Readjustment Law mutatis mutandis. In 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred, and the Special City Planning Law was enacted to rebuild Tokyo and Yokohama. In 1946 (Showa 21), the second Special City Planning Law was enacted, and large-scale land readjustment was carried out to rebuild cities damaged by the Second World War. In 1954, the Land Readjustment Law was enacted, and full-scale implementation began throughout the country.

Land readjustment can be carried out by individuals, associations, public organizations, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Urban Renaissance Agency, and local housing corporations. Associations can carry out land readjustment if more than two-thirds of landowners in a certain area agree.

[Masatoshi Yokkaichi]

Civil Engineering Series 31: Land Development (1978, Shokokusha)Edited by the Land Readjustment Journal Editorial Committee, The History of Land Readjustment - Commemorating 40 Years Since the Enactment of the Land Readjustment Law (1996, Japan Land Readjustment Association) ▽ Edited by the National Liaison Conference for Land Readjustment and Redevelopment Measures, New Everything About Land Readjustment Measures (1998, Jichi Kenkyusha)Edited by Osaka City and Osaka City Urban Development Association, 100 Town Planning Methods for Practitioners (1999, Osaka City Urban Development Association)Wakazono Takeshi, Land Readjustment Story (1999, Shinpusha)Kajiwara Fumio, Reserved Land Allocation in Land Readjustment Projects (1999, Gihodo Publishing)Shimomura Ikuo, Land Exchange System in Land Readjustment Projects (2001, Shinzansha Publishing)"New Developments in Urban Redevelopment and Land Readjustment Projects - Commentary on the Revised Urban Redevelopment Law, etc.," edited by the Urban Development Law Study Group, supervised by the Urban and Regional Development Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2002, Gyosei)""Easy-to-understand Land Readjustment Law," edited by the Land Readjustment Law Study Group, supervised by the Urban Development Division of the Urban and Regional Development Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2003, Gyosei)" ▽ "Land Readjustment Law Handbook," edited by the Land Readjustment Law Study Group, annual editions (Gyosei)"

[Reference items] | Land exchange disposal | Land consolidation | Public land exchange | Urban planning | Urban Renaissance Agency | Land improvement

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

土地区画整理法に基づく区画整理(土地区画整理)と、土地改良法に基づく区画整理(圃場(ほじょう)整備)の二つがある。土地区画整理は市街地整備、開発事業の一種で、1954年(昭和29)に制定された土地区画整理法により、都市計画区域内で、宅地利用の増進と公共施設の整備改善という二つの目的をもって、土地区画の境界線などの状況の変更、公共施設の新設変更を行い、良好な市街地を造成する事業である。明治以来この事業で形成された市街地は、2001年(平成13)3月31日現在で、施工中の地区を含め38.8万ヘクタール、日本のDID地区(既成市街地)の約3分の1を占め、日本の市街地形成に重要な役割を果たしている。

 土地区画整理は、土地区画整理法第2条に「都市計画区域内の土地について、公共施設の整備改善及び宅地の利用増進を図るため、土地の区画形質の変更及び公共施設の新設又は変更に関する事業」と定義されている。また、同法第1条に「健全な市街地の造成を図り、もって公共の福祉に資すること」とその目的が定められている。

 「健全な市街地の造成」とは、安全性、快適性、利便性等を兼ね備えた市街地を整備することをいう。

 土地区画整理の仕組みをひとことで表すとすれば、「整備が必要とされている市街地等において、その一定の区域内で土地所有者等がその土地の面積や位置などに応じて、少しずつ土地を提供(減歩(げんぶ))し、これを道路・公園・水路等の公共施設用地(公共減歩)と、売却して事業費の一部に充当される保留地(保留地減歩)にあて、これを整備することにより残りの土地(宅地)の利用価値を高め、健全な市街地とする事業」ということができる。この仕組みのなかで、土地所有者等から少しずつ提供された公共施設用地等は所要の位置に配置され、宅地は公共施設にあわせて再配置(換地)されることになる。この手法を「換地手法」という。

 換地は原則として市街地を整備する前のそれぞれの宅地に見合うように定めることになっている(照応の原則)が、技術的理由により若干の不均衡が生ずることは避けられない。このため、それぞれの換地間の不均衡を、価値に応じて金銭により調整(清算金)する方法がとられている。

 土地区画整理は19世紀ドイツに始まり、20世紀初めにはドイツ全都市で実施されるようになった。日本では1889年(明治22)東京で市区改正条令が制定され、宅地の区画改良が始められた。97年に「土地区画改良に係る件」が公布され宅地改良が行えるようになったが、1909年(明治42)耕地整理法改正で「土地区画改良に係る件」が廃止され、土地区画整理はその道が閉ざされた。19年(大正8)都市計画法が制定され、都市計画区域で耕地整理法を準用して土地区画整理ができるようになった。23年に関東大震災があり、東京・横浜の復興のため特別都市計画法が制定された。46年(昭和21)には第二の特別都市計画法により第二次世界大戦による戦災都市復興のための土地区画整理が大規模に実施された。54年に土地区画整理法が制定され、全国各地で本格的に実施されるようになった。

 土地区画整理の施行者は、個人、組合、公共団体、国土交通大臣、独立行政法人都市再生機構および地方住宅供給公社である。組合の場合は、一定地域の土地権利者の3分の2以上の賛成で実施できる。

[四日市正俊]

『『土木工学大系31 土地開発』(1978・彰国社)』『土地区画整理誌編集委員会編『土地区画整理のあゆみ――土地区画整理法施行40年記念』(1996・日本土地区画整理協会)』『区画整理・再開発対策全国連絡会議編『新・区画整理対策のすべて』(1998・自治体研究社)』『大阪市・大阪市都市整備協会編『実務者のための100のまちづくり手法』(1999・大阪市都市整備協会)』『若園武著『区画整理物語』(1999・新風社)』『梶原文男著『土地区画整理事業の保留地配置』(1999・技報堂出版)』『下村郁夫著『土地区画整理事業の換地制度』(2001・信山社出版)』『国土交通省都市・地域整備局監修、市街地整備法制研究会編『市街地再開発・土地区画整理事業の新たな展開――改正都市再開発法等の解説』(2002・ぎょうせい)』『土地区画整理法制研究会編『よくわかる土地区画整理法』(2003・ぎょうせい)』『国土交通省都市・地域整備局市街地整備課監修、土地区画整理法制研究会編『土地区画整理法令要覧』各年版(ぎょうせい)』

[参照項目] | 換地処分 | 耕地整理 | 公用換地 | 都市計画 | 都市再生機構 | 土地改良

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Lane line - kukakusen

>>:  Hardworking student - kugakusei

Nod
Nod
Blog    

Recommend

Music education - ongakukyoiku

Music education is aimed at developing the potent...

Codariocalyx motorius

… D . paniculatum (L.) DC. is native to North Ame...

Emperor Kogon

Year of death: Joji 3/Shohei 19.7.7 (1364.8.5) Yea...

Fushimi Castle

Hirayama-jiro (castle on a flatland mountain) was ...

Phrynosoma cornutum

…Iguana [Takahiro Matsui]. . . *Some of the termi...

Consonance - Kyowawaon

...As shown in Figure 1, these are combinations o...

Tydings-McDuffie Act

This American law, known as the Philippine Indepen...

Grudziądz (English spelling)

A city in Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship in northe...

Bullfrog - Bullfrog (English spelling)

A frog of the family Ranidae in the order Anura i...

Iwashimizu Special Festival - Iwashimizurinji Festival

[Noun] A festival held at Iwashimizu Hachimangu Sh...

Aonogahara

A plateau stretching between Ono City and Kasai Ci...

Stone face

Just before his death at the age of 70 in 1966, C...

Sasayama Domain

This was a domain that ruled the region of Sasaya...

Melibe vexillifera (English spelling)

...These horns are what gave them the name sea sl...

Risshakuji Temple

A Tendai sect temple in Yamadera, Yamagata City. ...